Myths and Legends - frames

<META name="descripion" content="Collection of links to myth and legend related pages from as many cultures as I can locate. Brief descriptions of the sites are included as are links to medieval pages and early works of SF. Also serves as the home page for Near Eastern mythology FAQ's"> <META name="keywords" content="myths, legends, mythology, myth, legend, gods, goddesses, god, goddess, hero, heroes, deity, deities, religion, early fantasy"> </header> <Body bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <h1><img src="mythhead.gif" alt="Myths and Legends"></h1> Last altered February 19th, 2002.<p> Aside from the General and Creatures of Myth and Legend sections, these links are organized by region and language group, with those groups which produced written accounts of their myths and legends earlier, generally appearing closer to the beginning.<p> <b>Announcement:</b> These pages are now being mirrored at <a href="http://www.myths.com/pub/myths/myth.html" target="_top">http://www.myths.com/pub/myths/myth.html</a> thanks to David Murphy et al. with the original page being at <a href="http://members.bellatlantic.net/~vze33gpz/myth.html"> http://members.bellatlantic.net/~vze33gpz/myth.html</a> I'm still looking for more of these, but we've got: <h2>Contents</h2> <ul> <li><a href="#general">General</a> <ul> <li><a href="#index">Indicies and Site Reviews</a> <li><a href="#encyc">Encyclopedias, Dictionaries, and Archives</a> <li><a href="#offline">Offline sources</a> <li><a href="#storycol">Myth and Story Collections</a> <li><a href="#essay">Essays and Commentary</a> <li><a href="#creatures">Creatures of Myth and Legend</a> <li><a href="#genmisc">Miscellany</a> </ul> <li><a href="#neareast">Near East</a> <ul> <li><a href="#mesopot"><img src="mesop.gif">Mesopotamia</a> <li><a href="#egypt">Egypt</a> <li><a href="#levant">The Levant (Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, coastal Syria)</a> <li><a href="#turk">Anatolian</a> <li><a href="#miscne">Miscellaneous Near East</a> <li><a href="#1001nights">1001 Arabian Nights</a> </ul> <li><a href="#indir">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul> <li><a href="#persian">Persian</a> <li><a href="#hindu">Hindu</a> </ul> <li><a href="#armen">Armenian</a> <li><a href="#easia">East Asian</a> <ul> <li><a href="#easiagen">East Asian - general</a> <li><a href="#china">Chinese</a> <li><a href="#tibet">Tibetan</a> <li><a href="#korea">Korean</a> <li><a href="#japan">Japanese</a> </ul> <li><a href="#seasia">Southeast Asian</a> <ul> <li><a href="#burm">Burmese</a> <li><a href="#camb">Cambodian</a> <li><a href="#hmong">Hmong/Miao</a> <li><a href="#viet">Vietnamese</a> <li><a href="#thai">Thai</a> <li><a href="#malay">Malay</a> <li><a href="#indones">Indonesian</a> <li><a href="#filip">Filipino</a> </ul> <li><a href="#casia">Central and Western Asian</a> <li><a href="#greek">Greek and Roman</a> <li><a href="#norse">Norse/Teutonic</a> <li><a href="#finnug">Finno-Ugric</a> <ul> <li><a href="#finn">Suomi (Finnish)</a> <li><a href="#sami">Sami</a> <li><a href="#esto">Estonian</a> <li><a href="#mansi">Mansi</a> <li><a href="#hung">Hungarian</a> </ul> <li><a href="#slav">Slavic and Baltic</a> <ul> <li><a href="#slav">General Slavic</a> <li><a href="#pole">Polish</a> <li><a href="#czech">Czech/Bohemian</a> <li><a href="#russ">Russian</a> <li><a href="#bulg">Bulgarian</a> <li><a href="#serb">Serbian</a> <li><a href="#balt">Baltic</a> </ul> <li><a href="#romania">Romanian</a> <li><a href="#albania">Albanian</a> <li><a href="#celt">British and Celtic</a> <ul> <li><a href="#pict">Pictish</a> <li><a href="#celtic">Miscellaneous Celtic</a> <li><a href="#irish">Irish</a> <li><a href="#cornish">Cornish</a> <li><a href="#welsh">Welsh</a> <li><a href="#scott">Scottish</a> <li><a href="#breton">Breton</a> <li><a href="#saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> <li><a href="#arthur">Arthurian</a> <li><a href="#robin">Robin Hood</a> </ul> <li><a href="#frank">Frankish, French & Carolingian</a> <li><a href="#spanish">Spanish</a> <li><a href="#basque">Basque</a> <li><a href="#amerind">Native American</a> <ul> <li><a href="#amergen">General</a> <li><a href="#southam">South American</a> <li><a href="#centralam">Central American</a> <ul> <li><a href="#mayan">Mayan</a> <li><a href="#aztec">Aztec</a> </ul> <li><a href="#swam">Southwest</a> <li><a href="#plains">Great Plains</a> <li><a href="#nwam">Northwest</a> <li><a href="#neam">Northeast</a> <li><a href="#seam">Southeast</a> <li><a href="#arctic">Arctic and Subarctic</a> </ul> <li><a href="#africa">African</a> (excluding Egypt) <ul> <li><a href="#africa">African: General</a> <li><a href="#ashanti">Ashanti</a> <li><a href="#yoruba">Yoruba</a> <li><a href="#ewe">Ewe/Fon</a> <li><a href="#igbo">Igbo</a> <li><a href="#vhavenda">VhaVenda</a> <li><a href="#wapangwa">Wapangwa</a> <li><a href="#somali">Somali</a> </ul> <li><a href="#carib">Caribbean</a> <li><a href="#aus">Australian Aborigional</a> <li><a href="#polynes">Oceana (Melanesian, Micronesian and Polynesian)</a> <li><a href="#gothic">Gothic Horror</a> <li><a href="#fantasy">Early Fantasy and SF</a> <li><a href="#medren">Medieval</a> </ul><p> <h2><a name="general">General</a></h2> <ul> <h4><a name="index">Indicies and site reviews</a></h4> <li>Philip R. Burns's <a href="http://www.pibburns.com/myth.htm">Mythology & Folklore</a> A description of mythology along with scores if not hundreds of links. It's quite a stash. There is a greater emphasis on folklore than here. He's been annotating them as well. <li>Kathleen Jenks also has a large number of well annotated mythology links organized by theme & region at <a href="http://www.mythinglinks.org" target="_top">Mythinglinks.org</a> <li>John Adcox maintains a somewhat smaller collection of <a href="http://www.mindspring.com/~jadcox/Mythology_and_Folklore.html"> Mythology and Folklore</a> links. <li>Jo Heirman's collection of mythology links is a bit briefer and lacks descriptions, but <a href="http://mythologie.pagina.nl/" target="_top">Mythologie.pagina.nl</a> may be easier for you to understand than other sites if Dutch is your native tongue. <li>Julia Hayden's <a href="http://www.julen.net/ancient/" target="_top">Ancient World Web</a> contains links to and reviews of a number of sites dealing with archaeology, history, art, mythology and ancient religions. She also has a separate index for <a href="http://julen.net/ancient/Mythology_and_Religion/" target="_top">Mythology and Religion</a>. <li> Arthur Goldstuck's <a href="http://www.web.co.za/arthur/leglist.html">Legendary Site of the Week</a> Myths, Legends, and Urban Folklore are fair game. <li>The <a href="http://argos.evansville.edu/">ARGOS</a> limited search engine, searches major ancient and medieval indicies such as ABZU, Perseus, and Labyrinth - thus screening out a large number of irrelevant links. <h4><a name="encyc">Encyclopedias, Dictionaries, and Archives</a></h4> <li> Micha Lindemans' <a href="http://www.pantheon.org/mythica/">Encyclopedia Mythica</a>. Over 5100 articles and growing on myth related topics of lengths ranging from a couple of sentances to a couple of paragraphs. <LI> A somewhat similar venture by Lestat is <a href="http://www.clubi.ie/lestat/godsmen.html">Of Gods and Men</a>. <li>The University of Michigan's Windows to the Universe project has assembled a collection of <a href="http://www.windows.umich.edu/mythology/mythology.html">Mythology</a> pages describing deities from around the world. Of note is that here they are organized not only by cultural group, but by "sphere of influence" as well. <li><a href="http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/mythology.htm">The Probert Encyclopedia - Mythology</a> should probably be called a dictionary, given its extensive number of rather brief (one or two line), entries. <b><i><color=red>Restored!</color></i></b> 2/10/02 <li>After the MIT incarnation of this page, Mark de la Hey's MythText was the earliest site devoted entirely to mythology of which I was aware. Robert O'Connell of Untangle has revived the non-commercial parts of that site as <a href="http://www3.sympatico.ca/untangle/mythhome.htm">MythHome</a>. It includes articles on and links to sites dealing with various aspects of mythology. It has recently been revamped and updated with the help of Rick Eagan. <li>P. J. Criss's <a href="http://raven.cybercom.com/~grandpa/gdsindex.html" target="_top">The Book of Gods, Goddesses, Heroes, and other Mythological Characters</a> contains brief entires on numerous deities and heroes, retellings of various mythic tales, and links to a number of mythology related sites representing cultures around the world. <li><a href="http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/4456/">Luminara's Web of Mythtery</a> contains both short format entries on a number of deities, organized by culture, as well as a number of brief essays on myth related subjects. <li>Kat's older mythology pages have been incorporated into her site, Eliki's pages on <a href="http://www.eliki.com/ancient/myth" target="_top">Gods, Goddesses and Myth</a> featuring the Celtic pantheons, and such creatures as the phoenix, dragons, and Pegasus. She also has pages on Arthuriana, Greek Amazons, Faeries, and Mermaids. <li>Richard McLaughlin's <a href="http://members.aol.com/mmqchome2/mythnotes.htm" target="_top">Mythology Notes</a> present descriptions of gods, summaries of myths, and some historical material on the mythologies of the Ancient Near East, Persia, Scandinavia, and the Celts. His is one of the few sites to include a mythological treatment of Judaic and Christian stories - some of the material he draws upon for these is extracanonical. <li>Scadian, Cynric of Bedwyn (R. G. Ferrell) presents his Guide to Lesser known Deities and Moderately Divine Beings a few brief descriptions of obscure deities in this installment of <a href="http://lonestar.texas.net/~rferrell/et22.html" target="_top">Ex Tempore</a>. <li>Elizabeth Willey, Donald Keller, and Paula K. Marmor have put together a number of essays, links, pieces of artwork relating to such <a href="http://www.legends.dm.net/sitemap.html" target="_top">Legends</a> as Robin Hood, King Arthur, Roland, El Cid, Pirates and others. <li><a href="http://jblstatue.com/list.html">JBL statue</a> is out to sell you statues of deities from all over the world. The cool thing is that they show you pictures of these statues, but their brief descriptions of the deity featured thereon are not always accurate. <li><a href="http://mythicimages.com/" target="_top">Mythic Images</a> is another purveyor of statues. They also describe the goddesses they portray in short paragraphs. <li>Sandra Stanton sells oil paintings of goddesses from around the world. At her commercial web site, <a href="http://www.goddessmyths.com" target="_top">The Goddess in World Mythology</a> she presents images of those paintings along with brief descriptions of those deities. <li><a href="http://www.bibliomania.com/Reference/PhraseAndFable/"> Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable</a> is just that from 1894. <h4><a name="offline">Offline sources</a></h4> <li> Kim and Mike Burkard's <a href="http://www.servtech.com/public/greenman/index.html">The Green</a> (formerly known as 'All things Ancient') features Kim's extensive mythology booklist FAQ - partially culled from USENET. <li>Mark Isaak now keeps his <a href="http://www.best.com/~atta/mythsrcs.html">Mythological Sources FAQ</a> on his own page and features his picks of the better mostly offline sources. <li> I too, have cobbled together a short list of <a href="mythsources.html">Mythology Sources</a> but to escape redundancy I've added brief reviews of those works I've encountered. <h4><a name="storycol">Myth and Story Collections</a></h4> <li><a href="http://www.bulfinch.org/" target="_top">Bulfinch's Mythology</a>, here maintained by Bob Fisher. Its first section, The Age of Fable includes Greek, some Norse, and some Egyptian mythology in a sort of "Reader's Digest" format. Its other sections on King Arthur, the Mabinogeon, and Charlemagne continue in a similar format. <li>Reality Software's <i>Origins of Mythology</i>, is a <a href="http://w1.554.telia.com/~u55502630/esoboks/origins.zip" target="_top">Zip file</a> e-text, downloadable as shareware. <li>Madhury Ray (with some assistance) has compiled descriptions of the cultures, pantheons, and legends from around the world in <a href="http://library.advanced.org/12865/mray/mcbob.htm" target="_top">The World (As We Know It)</a>, Legends of Forever. <li>Morgana's Observatory collects, retells and highlights a number of <a href="http://www.dreamscape.com/morgana/uranus.htm" target="_top">Universal Myths and Mysterious Places</a> including creation, flood, and afterlife myths. <li> <a href="http://www.ozemail.com.au/~reed/global/mythstor.html"> Creation Stories and Traditional Wisdom</a> Short tales primarily from Australian Aboriginal and Native American sources. <li>Richard Darsie collects <a href="http://members.xoom.com/darsie/tales/index.html" target="_top">Tales of Wonder</a> - Folk and Fairy tales from around the world at his site. (Broken Link 2/10/2002) <li><a href="http://members.aol.com/surlalune/frytales/index.htm" target="_top">The SurLaLune Fairy Tale Pages</a> are Heidi Anne Heiner's collection of tales - often as written by Lang or Perrault, but well annotated by Heiner, with illustrations, histories, and recommended readings. <li><a href="http://www.storiestogrowby.com" target="_top">Whootie Owl's Stories to grow by</a> is a collection of folk and fairy tales gathered from around the world, intended for younger (up to 10 years old) readers. <li>Kids Zone at AFRO-Americ@ has a <a href="http://www.afroam.org/children/myths/myths.html" target="_top">Myths and Fables</a> page, collecting & illustrating 16 stories from around the world. (Broken Link 2/10/2002) <li>Snaith Primary School in East Yorkshire, UK has collected a few <a href="http://home.freeuk.net/elloughton13/mythindex.htm">Myth retellings</a> from places including Japan and Mexico. <li>D. L. Asheman is the translator of several <a href="http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/folktexts.html">Electronic Texts in Folklore and Mythology</a>. His translations are primarily from German tales and there are links to tales from Scandinavia, Britain and other regions. <li><a href="http://www.zensufi.com/story.htm" target="_top">ZenSufi Story Park</a> collects a number of folktales primarily from South and South-West Asia, primarily from the Sufi Muslim tradition - but including stories from outside those areas as well. <li>Cinderella Stories are found throughout Western Europe, with parallels elsewhere as well. The University of Southern Mississippi has collected a number of English languages versions of the tale at its <a href="http://www-dept.usm.edu/~engdept/cinderella/cinderella.html" target="_top">Cinderella Project</a> site and also hosts collections of Jack the Giant Killer and Red Riding Hood stories at the same site. <li>David Brown, Kathy Martin, Jean Rusting, Doris Dale and others have assembled a collection of links and bibliographic refferences to a number of <a href="http://www.ucalgary.ca/~dkbrown/cinderella.html" target="_top">Cinderella Stories</a> for the Children's Literature Project. <li>Mary Mark has collected assmbled a large bibliography of and a few links to <a href="http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/usr/mmbt/www/percussion/drum-tales.html" target="_top">Percussion Folktales</a>. <li>Rita Kambos's <a href="http://freeyellow.com/members3/d-m-x/mythmaker.html" target="_top">Mythmaker</a> site contains retellings myths legends and folklore- current offerings are a story from India and a couple stories from Russia. <li>The LEAP English Academy's students retell (and invent?) a number of <a href="http://leap.alcmn.org/LS/LS4/folktalTC.htm" target="_top">Folktales, Stories, and Poems</a> from around the world for an issue of their magazine, LEAP Star. <h4><a name="essay">Essays and Commentary</a></h4> <li>In 1872, John Fiske wrote a "somewhat rambling and unsystematic series of papers" entitled <a href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed-new?id=FisMyth&tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed" target="_top">Myths and Mythmakers: Old Tales and Superstitions Interpreted by Comparative Mythology</a>. <li>Eliza Burt Gamble wrote <a HREF=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new?id="GamGodi"&tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&part=0 target="_top">The God-idea of the Ancients or Sex in Religion</a> in 1899. <li>Sir James George Frazer's magnum opus <a href="http://www.bartleby.com/196/" target="_top"><i>The Golden Bough</i></a> was the first major work to make an exhaustive comparison of the myths and religious practicies of cultures worldwide. Much of Frazer's conclusions are now considered outdated, but the work as a whole is still an interesting read. The link above is to the 1922 abridged edition. <li>Excerpts from the mythology related writings of <a href="http://art-slab.ucsd.edu/ARTSLAB/VA131ProjFall95/laura/mythsamples.html"> James Frazer</a>, author of The Golden Bough. <li>Eric Maulin of the magazine Label France reviews Georges Dumézil's <i>Mythe et Epopée</i> in <a href="http://www.france.diplomatie.fr/label_france/ENGLISH/LETTRES/DUMEZIL/dumez.html" target="_top">The Indo-European tales of Georges Dumézil</a> revealing some of the philologist's comparisons between Indo-European mythologies. <li> The <a href="http://www.jcf.org/">Joseph Campbell Foundation Web Site</a> features bio- and bibliographical information on the popular mythologist, an excerpt of his work, some other mythological links, and details of the Foundation's activities. <li><a href="http://www.theosophy-nw.org/theosnw/world/general/rel-selc.htm" target="_top">Theosophical Perspectives on World Spiritual Traditions</a> is a collection of articles from Sunrise Magazine, many of which deal with mythology from all over the world. <li>Michael Joseph's course at Rutgers entitled <a href="http://www.scils.rutgers.edu/special/mjoseph/course_outline.html" target="_top">In Search of Cupid & Psyche: Myths and Legends in Children's Literature</a> examines and compares a number of stories and archetypes beginning with Near Eastern and Classical mythology and progressing forward in time to current tales. <li>Aaron Rester's Mythology Home Page has become <a href="http://www.lamhfada.com/" target="_top">Lamhfada: An Online Magazine of Myth and Story</a>. The initial articles contain several essays about mythological stories from numerous cultures all relating to the idea of a savior/creator/fertility deity. He also has a collection of links to other mythology sites. <li>Flute (Carolyn Maloney), Vickie Hamby and the rest of <a href="http://www.create.org/myth">Creative Minds</a> have a site on which includes monthly articles on mythology. They also feature poetry, the mystical, back articles and of course, links. <li>N. S. Gill has assembled a number of essays on <a href="http://ancienthistory.miningco.com/" target="_top">Ancient/Classical History</a> for the Mining Company. Included is a section on mythology and religion. <li>Every two weeks, Linda Casselman presents a new essay on a different area of mythology for <a href="http://www.suite101.com/welcome.cfm/1417" target="_top">Suite 101's Mythology page</a>. <li>Dan Norder's <a href="http://www.mythology.com/" target="_top">Mythology Web</a> contains a number of essays on varying aspects of myth, legend, and folklore - including urban folklore. It appears that he intends to add a new collection of essays every month or so, but at last check it had been some time since the last update. Also at this site is an active mythology oriented mailing list and archive. <li>Rebecca Salek has compiled a collection of creation myths, myths about the overthrowing of goddesses and descriptions of goddesses themselves in <a href="http://www.geocities.com/Wellesley/1582/" target="_top">Clio: Women in Mythology, Religion and Herstory</a>. She writes from the thesis that these myths help indicate that prior to the pridominatly patriarchal, literate cultures we know of, there were matriarchal societies. <li>Tired of a saccharine goddess image? Robin Weare's <a href= "http://www.liberalmafia.org/darkgoddesses/DarkGoddess.html">Dark Goddess</a> site examines the less sweet aspects of such deities as Artemis and Kali from a bit of a neo-Pagan standpoint. <li>Stephan Stenudd critiques the Jungian analysis of <a href="http://www.stenudd.com/english/creation.htm" target="_top">Myths of Creation</a> in this essay</a> <li>Deborah Scherrer has collected an number of myths and <a href="http://solar-center.stanford.edu/folklore/folklore.html" target="_top">Solar Folklore</a> from around the world for the Stanford Solar Center. <li>Bifrost isn't the only rainbow in mythology. Fred Stern writes about the rainbow as it appears in a number of <a href="http://www.zianet.com/rainbow/relig.htm" target="_top">Religious Myths</a> from all over the world. (Broken Link 2/10/2002) <li>Mark Isaak has compiled a number of <a href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html" target="_top">Flood Myth</a> stories from around the world for use as a <a href="news://talk.origins" target="_top">talk.origins</a> FAQ. <a href="http://www.best.com/~atta/floods.htm" target="_top">The most recent edition</a> of which is kept at his home page. Third link is a (Broken Link 2/10/2002) <li>Patrick C. Ryan has a page on <a href="http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/2803/proto-religion/indexR.html" target="_top">Proto-Religion</a>, which he claims is a reconstruction of the religious beliefs of people before they dispersed from the rift valleys of Africa 100K BCE. Putting it mildly, this is more than a bit of a stretch, but his comparisons of creation accounts are reasonably detailed, and hit some of the commonalities that many note about Near Eastern creation accounts, as well as bringing in a few other cultures. <li>Equinox Occult Supplies also supplies a collection of essays on sundry topics in <a href="http://www.monmouth.com/~equinoxbook/mythology.html" target="_top">Mythology</a> from the Greek & Celtic pantheons as well as various mythical animals. <li>Gareth Long compares and contrasts the Hellenic and Nordic pantheons in <a href="http://webhome.idirect.com/~donlong/">Greek vs. Norse Mythology</a>. <h4><a name="creatures">Creatures of Myth and Legend</a></h4> <li><a href="http://www.clues.abdn.ac.uk:8080/besttest/alt/comment/best_toc.html" target="_top">The Aberdeen Bestiary</a> is an actual medieval bestiary from around 1200. <li>Oban retells assorted <a href="http://www.planetozkids.com/oban/legends.htm" target="_top">Animal, Myths, Legends, and Folktales</a> from around the world, with illustrations. <li><a href="http://www.pagerealm.com/windseeker/" target="_top">Windseeker's (Laura Hamilton's) Home Page</a> contains a Glossary of Mythic Creatures and a page on dragon lore, including retellings of a few dragon legends. <li><a href="http://webhome.idirect.com/~donlong/monsters/monsters.htm" target="_top">Gareth Long's Encyclopedia of Monsters, Mythical Creatures, and Fabulous Beasts</a> contains a number of short paragraph descriptions of sundry creatures, some of which are illustrated. <li>Dark Daemon's <a href="http://members.dencity.com/MythicalCreatures/" target="_top">Mythic Creatures</a> page contains a dictionary of mostly one-line descriptions of a great number of mythic creatures. (Broken Link 2/10/2002) <li>Conrad Tolentino's <a href="http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Vines/2072">The Bestiary</a> presents information on both mythcal beasts and cryptozoological creatures such as Bigfoot. <li> <a href="news:alt.mythology.mythic-animals"> alt.mythology.mythic-animals</a> - this USENET newsgroup is intended to be for the discussion of mythic & legendary animals & monsters. It is also dominated by a lot of PBNG (play by newsgroup) free-form roleplaying. <ul> <li>Anansi's <a href="http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Valley/8116/story.html" target="_top">Mithology, Stories, Movies</a> page recounts spider legends from around the world - primarily from the Hopi stories and from the West African Anansi stories. This page is in both Japanese and English. <h4>Dragons, Serpents, and Reptiles</h4> <li>Robert T. Mason's paper <a href="http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/5789/serpent.htm" target="_top">The Divine Serpent in Myth and Legend</a> recounts and analyzes serpent tales from the Near East and the rest of the world. <li>Alara (Sara Gilliand) undertakes a Jungian analysis of dragons in world mythology in her <a href="http://www.geocities.com/Area51/Lair/6252/ds.html" target="_top">The Dragon as an Archetype</a> paper. (Broken Link 2/10/2002) <li>Jennifer Walker's <a href="http://www.draconian.com">Here be Dragons!</a> provides mythic information as well as art and assorted links related to these fearsome beasts. <li><a href="http://www.polenth.demon.co.uk/" target="_top">Polenth's Weyr</a> is a collection of information about both literary and mythological dragons as well as links to other dragon afficianados on the web. <li>Drakhen briefly describes various <a href="http://www.geocities.com/TelevisionCity/Stage/5132/dragons1.htm" target="_top">Dragons of Myth and Legend</a>. <li> <a href="http://www.tahoesbest.com/101/dragonspearl.htm">The Dragon's Pearl</a> A brief article on Lake Tahoe's Tessie with mentions of a couple of other dragon tales. <li>U. Mass has a page on <a href= "http://www.umass.edu/umext/nrec/snake_pit/pages/myth.html">Snake Mythology</a>, written by Scott Jackson and Peter Mirick with illustrations by Nancy Haver. <b><i><color=red>Restored!</color></i></b> 2/10/02 <li>Soror Ourania's <a href="http://www.thelema.net/ramsey/naga.html">Naga</a> page also focuses on the snake's role in myth. <h4>Birds</h4> <li>Phoenix recounts <a href="http://www.iaw.on.ca/~phoenix/Legend.htm" target="_top">The Phoenix Legend</a> of this fantastic bird as described in the Near East and in China. (Broken Link 2/10/2002) <li>Mad Phoenix also retells the <a href="http://freeman.sob.tulane.edu/481/wfung/phoenix.htm" target="_top">Legend of the Phoenix</a> in it's Chinese and Near Eastern versions. <li>A fixture in the legends of the cultures native to Alaska and the American Pacific Northwest, Raven is featured in the Aviariy's collection of links to <a href="http://www.shades-of-night.com/aviary/birdfict.html" target="_top">Raven fiction</a> <li> <a href="http://www.enteract.com/~tirya/gryphon.html">Gryphons, Griffins, Griffons!</a> Tirya's page with some info, more pictures, and lots of links to companies named Gryphon or thereabouts. <h4>Mammals</h4> <li> <a href="http://faidutti.free.fr/licornes/unicorn.html" target="_top">Les licornes</a>, The Unicorn Web Page of Bruno Faidutti. He keeps a number of unicorn pictures at this bilingual site, drawing from medieval manuscripts. <li><a href="http://www.hooked.net/users/cybercat/">Cybercat's Space</a> presents some brief notes on the cat as a symbol in world mythology. (Broken Link 2/10/2002) <li>Zephyr Lion presents this collection of <a href="http://www.madstop.org/wordwitch/catbits.html" target="_top">Tidbits of Cat Mythology and Folklore</a>. <li>Bandicoot's Cat Lovers page contains this section on <a href="http://www.geocities.com/Petsburgh/Zoo/4798/mythology.html" target="_top">Mythology and Folklore</a> of cats. (Broken Link 2/10/2002) <li> Laura Steinke (Shadowfox) presents a page on <a href="http://wwwpub.utdallas.edu/~dprice/kitsune/kitsune.html">Kitsune</a> and other legends of foxes from around the world. (Broken Link 2/10/2002) <li>Bob Trubshaw's article, <a href="http://www.indigogroup.co.uk/edge/bdogs.htm" target="_top">Black Dogs - Guardians of the Corpse Ways</a>, explores the mythology of dogs drawing from many cultures. <h4>Human-like creatures</h4> <li>Matt Wisely has a few brief descriptions of sprites and genies and things in <a href="http://www.wiseley.com/matt/files/sprites.html" target="_top">An Etymology of Sprites and Fantastic Creatures</a>. <b><i><color=red>Restored!</color></i></b> 2/10/02 <li>Rebecca Lehmann's <a href="http://www.crosswinds.net/~rlehmann/">Faerie Encyclopedia</a> has many brief entries as well as links to related pages and some of Yeats' tales. (Broken Link) 2/10/02 <li>Pagan the Fay's <a href="http://verdi.itk.mh.se/~ssh9623/fairy.htm" target="_top">Faerie page</a> defines a number of different creatures, places and things related to the fair folk. <li>Dawn has collected a number of <a href="http://www.feri.com/dawn/storyindex.html" target="_top">Feri Stories and more</a> from around the world. Some of these one might not consider to be about faeries at first blush, such as the notes on the Sons of God. <li> <a href="http://www.olywa.net/cagle/seatails">Sea Tails Online</a> Kurt Cagle's mermaid page. The History and Persona Guide is the meatiest section here. <li><a href="http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/1620/legends.html" target="_top">Mermaid Myths and Legends</a> recounts several mermaid stories, primarily from the British Isles. <li> Frodo's mermaid pages are primarily oriented around Disney's Ariel, however he maintains some useful <a href="http://www.javanet.com/~frodo/merlinks.html">Links to other Mermaid pages</a>. <li>Pathway to Darkness bills itself as "the ultimate online vampire resource" and indeed its collection of essays on <a href="http://www.pathwaytodarkness.com/facts/index.html" target="_top">Vampire Facts</a> is quite impressive and has much to say about past and present vampire folklore. Also included is an essay on werewolves. <li><a href="http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Atrium/9095/index8.html" target="_top">In silence forlorn: Vampires</a> gives a historical survey of vampire like creatures throughout the world, as well as brief recountings of the lives of Vlad Tepes and Lady Elisabeth Bathory. <li>S A Rudy has pages on vampires, shapeshifters, and witches which list the different quallities that they have when portrayed in contempory fiction in her <a href="http://www.eclipse.net/~srudy/myths/" target="_top">Comparison of Myths in Popular Fiction</a> page. </ul> <h4><a name="genmisc">Miscellany</a></h4> <li> The Minneapolis Institute of the Arts runs a very visual tour of <a href="http://www.artsMIA.org/mythology/">World Mythology</a> meant to supplement a trip to the museum. <li>Here is presented Bill Hollon's essay on the <a href= "http://www.greenheart.com/billh/origin.html">Origin of the Seven Day Week</a>. <li> This feature on <a href="http://members.aol.com/akaulins/expak/expak21.htm#David and Goliath"> The Celestial David and Goliath</a> takes an astronomical look at that Biblical tale and compares it to tales in Irish mythology. (Broken Link) 2/10/02 <li>Martin Gray invites folks to <a href="http://www.sacredsites.com/explore.html">Explore the Sacred Sites</a> he has photographed. His commentary discusses the religious, archeological and historical import of those sites with the mythic and legendary content varying. <li>Bill Williams runs a <a href="http://www.concordance.com/">concordance</a> program that operates over a number of e-texts including the Bible, the Koran, and a number of works of classical mythology--- which you could also find in the Perseus Project (see the <a href="#greek">Greek/Roman</a> section). <li>The American Academy of Religion maintains a searchable <a href="http://www.aarweb.org/syllabus/" target="_top">Syllabi project</a> archive. Included are courses partially or fully covering myths and mythology to varying degrees. <li>Catherine Yronwode's <a href="http://www.luckymojo.com/index.html" target="_top">Lucky Mojo</a> site includes a large collection of essays on amulets, talismans, charms, sacred geometry, and sacred landscape. Not exactly mythology, but some of it is related. <li>Another useful site in a similar vein is <a href="http://www.symbols.com/" target="_top">Symbols.com</a>. <li>Whether or not they describe actual events, most modern <a href="http://www.bcca.org/~cvoogt/Religion/religion.html" target="_top">religions</a> are not above invoking material which is mythic in character. This page by A. Mueller is part of the World-Wide Web Virtual Library. (Broken Link) 2/10/02 <li>J. B. Hare's <a href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/index.htm" target="_top">Internet Sacred Text Archive</a> collects texts from past and current religions, including the Rg Veda, the Kojiki and Nihongi, the Quran, the Eddas, and many others. <li><a href="http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8887/index.html" target="_top">World Religions and Scriptures</a> is another good site for information on major living religions. <LI><A HREF="news:alt.mythology">alt.mythology</A> - this USENET newsgroup is a good place to go for general and even somewhat esoteric discussions. Don't proselytize there though, and it's also a good idea to check the archives at <a href="http://www.google.com/advanced_group_search?hl=en">Google's Usenet Groups archive</a> to look at past discussions first, and to read the <a href="mythgenfaq.html">alt.mythology General FAQ</a>. </ul> <h2><a name="neareast">Ancient Near East</a></h2> <ul> <h4><a name="mesopot">Mesopotamia<img src="mesop.gif"></a></h4> <LI> <A HREF="sumer-faq.html">Sumerian Mythology FAQ</A> This page contains a description of the pantheon and cosmology of the Sumerians, who lived in what is now southern Iraq over 4000 years ago. Aspects of Sumerian culture are touched upon as are parallels with Biblical stories. <li>Inanna can you hear me? <a href="http://www.mindspring.com/~mysticgryphon/inanna.htm" target="_top">Inanna - The Opera</a> is a rock opera based on the Inanna myths. A number of translations of Sumerian myths (along with a couple of Babylonian ones) and hyms can be found here as well. <li>Shemhazai's (Valis, Michael Tolle) Babyloniaca brings you translations of Sumerian and Akkadian myths, hymns and incantations, as well as information relavant to Mesopotamian oriented pagans. (Broken Link 2/10/02) <li><a href="http://home.earthlink.net/~duranki/"> Twin Rivers Rising</a> a pagan coven of the Sumerian Tradition maintains a good page on the Religion of the Sumerians, as well as providing an English-Sumerian dictionary. (semi-Broken Link 2/10/02) <li>Lishtar maintains an extensive collection of translations of Mesopotamian myths, as well as her own retellings in <a href="http://www.GatewaysToBabylon.com" target="_top">Gateways to Babylon</a>. Some of these are difficult to find currently in print. <li>Mary Lynn Schroeder has written an essay entitled <a href="http://www.pagansonline.com/pagansonline/inannaarticle.htm" target="_top">In the Eyes of Inanna: Aspects of a Goddess in Literature</a>, drawing from Jacobsen, Kramer, Eliade and Wolkstein. (Broken Link 2/10/02) <LI> <A HREF="assyrbabyl-faq.html"> Assyro-Babylonian Mythology FAQ</A> This page contains a description of the pantheon, cosmology, and history of the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians. These people lived from about 4000 years ago to about 2500 years ago primarily in what is now northern and central Iraq. <li>The Restoring Christian Keys site has a lot of messages within that I don't personally care for, as some of the language appears intollerant of other forms of belief. However, they have collected a number of translations of Mesopotamian Myths (by Dalley, Kramer, Jacobsen and others) on their <a href="http://www.piney.com/BabIndex.html" target="_top">Babylonia and Near Eastern Resources</a> page. <li>Lee Huddleston's course on <a href="http://www.hist.unt.edu/ane-01.htm" target="_top">The Ancient Near East to 500 BCE</a> includes a good page on the spiritual systems of Mesopotamia and an extremely well annotated and linked outline of <a href="http://www.hist.unt.edu/ane-09.htm" target="_top">The Epic of Gilgamesh</a> <li>Fr. James W. Reites' Origins of Western Religion course presents information on the Enuma Elish and Gilgamesh for contrast with the creation and flood stories in Genesis in <a href="http://www-relg-studies.scu.edu/netcours//rs011/sess05/">Archaeology and Literature: Creation and Flood Stories</a>. (Broken Link 2/10/02) <li>Wolf Carnahan presents Maureen Gallery Kovacs translation of the Sin-eqi-unninni version of <a href="http://wolf.mind.net/library/ancient/sumer/contents.htm" target="_top">The Epic of Gilgamesh</a> Tablets I-XI. <li> Washington State University's World Cultures course presents a summary of the New Babylonian version of the Epic of <a href="http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/GILG.HTM">Gilgamesh</a> by Sin-eqi-unninni. <li>John Crocker sumarizes the Epic of <a href="http://www.crock11.freeserve.co.uk/gilgamesh.htm" target="_top">Gilgamesh</a>, introducing it with a history of the discovery of the different versions of the text. <li>Rene Pannekoek presents the de Lingre Böhl translation of the Gilgamesh story into Dutch (although he also includes an English translation of the Atrahasis flood story) in <a href="http://www.phys.uu.nl/~pannekk/vertalinggilgamesjepos.htm" target="_top">Vertaling Gilgamesjepos</a>. (Broken Link 2/10/02) <li>Arthur A. Brown has written an essay entitled <a href="http://eawc.evansville.edu/essays/brown.htm" target="_top">Storytelling, the Meaning of Life, and <i>The Epic of Gilgamesh</i></a> for Exploring Ancient World Cultures. <h4><a name="egypt">Egypt</a></h4> <LI> Shawn C. Knight's <a href="http://www.sk4p.net/egypt/" target="_top">Egyptology Page</a>. Reworked and reformatted for the web from the old Egyptian Mythology FAQ, this edition is also quicker to upload. <color=red><b><i>Restored!</i></b></color> 2/10/02 <li>Jimmy Dunn has put together <a href="http://interoz.com/egypt/gods1.htm">The Gods of Ancient Egypt</a>, an extensive document discussing the individual deities and the development of Egyptian religion over time. This document is mirrored <a href="http://touregypt.net/gods1.htm" target="_top">here</a>. Much of this is straight out of E. A. Wallis Budge's <i>The Gods of the Egyptians</i> (1904). <li>April Arnold's <a href="http://www.EgyptianMyths.com" target="_top">Ancient Egypt: the Mythology</a> contains extensive descriptions of the deities, retellings of the myths, and essays on the region. (Broken Link 2/10/02) <li>Katherine Griffis of <a href="http://www.griffis-consulting.com/" target="_top">Griffis Consulting</a> provides a number of Egyptology pages including her pages on the Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. <li><a href="http://members.tripod.com/~osiris_usire/" target="_top">The Egyptian Mythology Site</a> provides brief descriptions of the deities, images, descriptions of philosophical concepts, and another translation of the Papyrus of Ani. (Broken Link 2/10/02) <li>In addition to providing a teaser for his new book <a href="http://www.onlineoriginals.com/horsa.html" target="_top">Hor</a>, Peter Preston provides an overview and some notes on Egyptian Mythology. <li>Deborah Howard's essay <a href="http://eawc.evansville.edu/essays/howard.htm" target="_top">The Egyptian Culture Reflected in Worship</a> presents an overview of Egyptian religion and mythology for Exploring Ancient World Cultures. <LI><a href="http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Books/Papyrus_Ani.html"> The Papyrus of Ani: The Egyptian Book of the Dead</a> translated by turn of the century Egyptologist, E. A. Wallis Budge. It should be noted that Budge's translations have fallen out of favor in the Egyptological community in recent years. While the gist remains the same, the serious scholar is advised to seek out something more current. <li> Jimmy Dunn and Interoz also have a copy of Budge's translation of the <a href="http://interoz.com/egypt/bkofdead.htm">Book of the Dead</a>, but this version has a table of contents page which makes it more nicely segmented. <li> The Legend of Osiris and Isis as told by Christine Hobson for the <a href= "http://baobab.harvard.edu/narratives/Nubia/OSIRIS.html">Baobab Project</a> <li>Rev. Stephanie "merry-Bast" Cass discusses the cat goddess in great detail in <a href="http://www.per-bast.org/bast/" target="_top">The domain of Bast</a>. <li>Mike and Chris Ward of Colorado's Social Science Data Lab have an <a href="http://socsci.colorado.edu/LAB/GODS/">Egyptian Gods Description</a> page because of their computer naming scheme. <li>The House of Netjer, a Kemetic Orthodox church - basicly an Egyptian group which uses the whole of ancient Egyptian religion - has put together a large collection of brief descriptions of the Egyptian deities in <a href="http://www.kemet.org/namesof.html" target="_top">Netjer - the One God of the Ancient Egyptians</a> <li>Milo Shiff has compiled a <a href="http://www.radiant.org/bubastis/deity/index.html" target="_top">Glosary of Deites</a> providing capsule information for a large number of Egyptian deities, with a bit of a neo-Pagan slant. <li>Taken from Mythtext, Mark de la Hey's <a href="http://www.byu.edu/ipt/projects/egypt/Religion.html" target="_top">Guide to the Gods v. 1.0</a> contains brief descriptions of the Egyptian deities. <h4><a name="levant">The Levant (Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, and coastal Syria)</a></h4> <li><a href="http://canaanite-faq.html">Canaanite/Ugaritic Mythology FAQ</a> This page contains a description of the pantheon of the people refered to as Canaanites in the Bible, as recovered from the city of Ugarit in what is now western Syria. These people lived from at least 3800 years ago through 3000 years ago and were absorbed into neigboring peoples including the Phoenicians and the Hebrews. <li> <a href="http://home.fireplug.net/~rshand/streams/thera/canaan.html" target="_top">Biblical Beginnings in Canaan</a> As you can probably guess, this has a good bit on Canaanite Mythology in a Biblical context. <li>Brandeis University maintains a number of <a href="http://staff.feldberg.brandeis.edu/~jacka/ANET/Contents.html"> Selections from Ancient Near Eastern Texts</a> including the Ugaritic myth of the <a href="http://staff.feldberg.brandeis.edu/~jacka/ANET/dying_rising_god.html"> Dying and Rising of Baal</a> (Broken Link 5/12/00) <li>Lilinah biti-Anat's <a href="http://www.geocities.com/soho/lofts/2938">Qadash Kinahnu - A Canaanite-Phoenician Temple</a> as well as being a site for Canaanite neo-pagan information contains a extensive amount of mythological information about those gods. She also continues to translate many of the myths from Ugarit and some later sources. <li>Salim George Khalaf's page on <a href="http://www.phoenicia.org/pagan.html" target="_top">Phoenician Religion</a> describes the deities and religious practicies of the Canaanites, primarily as witnessed by their neighbors, the Greeks and the Egyptians. He also has a page describing their <a href="http://www.phoenicia.org/ethnlang.html" target="_top">Ethnic Origin, Language and Literature</a>, delving into both Ugaritic and Greek accounts, as well as a page giving the <a href="http://ww.phoenicia.org/millinia.html" target="_top">Background to Religions in E. Mediterranean</a> - which confines itself to the Aramaeans, Canaanite/Phoenicians, Philistines, and Moabites. <li>Roger Crowley, aka. Village Fox, has assembled a <a href="http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Olympus/3025/lbible.htm" target="_top">Hebrew Mythology Library</a> which explores some of the Genesis stories such as those of creation and the early patriarchs. He also examines the nature of Elohim, YHWH, and possible Hebrew goddesses. He appears to intend to expand his site to cover other Near Eastern regions, as well as stories from Native American groups, but at last check, those pages weren't nearly as developed as the one above. (Broken Link 2/11/02) <li>Paul Brians et al. present an excerpt from their book <i>Reading About the World, Volume 1</i> discussing <a href="http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~wldciv/world_civ_reader/world_civ_reader_1/hebrew_creation.html" target="_top">The Hebrew Creation Narrative (Genesis 1-3)</a> including a fair amount of commentary. Genesis and the other books of the Pentateuch were assembled in written form during the sixth century B.C.E., following the Babylonian Captivity. <li>Donavon Marais of the University of South Africa presents his paper on <a href="http://www.unisa.ac.za/dept/press/myth/295/cainw.html" target="_top">The Cain Myth: a discussion of its historical roots and an interpretation</a>. He introduces the Cain story by examining the Old Testament from a historical and mythological perspective and compares the tale to Egyptian and Canaanite stories. <li>It's not to hard to find the Bible on-line - The King James translation was one of the most widely distributed e-texts before the advent of the web; however, if you want to find the books and stories that didn't make it in (most of which were written after the canonical books - later than 200 B.C.E. for the Tanach and later than 150 C.E. for the New Testament) try the Wesley Center's <a href="http://wesley.nnu.edu/noncanon.htm" target="_top">Noncanonical Homepage</a> for Pseudepigrapha and Apocrypha - books that might have gotten you tortured during the inquisition. This is where you'll find stories about the Nephilim, and seven or ten heavens and all kinds of escatological stuff. <li>Alan Humm's <a href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/humm/Topics/Lilith/lilith.html" target="_top">Lilith</a> page contains a large number of ancient and medieval sources. <li>Renee Rosen's <a href="http://www.lilitu.com/lilith/">Lilith Shrine</a> has extensive links and information about the legendary first wife of Adam. <li>David S. Devon has written an essay on <a href="http://www.webscope.com/project_mind/exoteric/kabbalah.html" target="_top">Science as Applied Kabbalah</a>. While primarily religious and mystical in tone, this essay does give some insight into the Kabbalistic take on Jewish cosmology. (Broken Link 2/11/02) <li>Charles Benton takes a mythological look at <a href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~cbenton/angels.html" target="_top">Angels</a> and their different classifications. (Broken Link 5/12/00) <li>Stephanie Connelly's Online Demon Dictionary is featured in <a href="http://www.demonolatry.com/vault/index.htm" target="_top">Terzian's Vault: Demonolatry</a>. Many demons have there sources throughout the religions of the Near East. (Broken Link 2/11/02) <li><a href="http://www.divinecomedy.org/divine_comedy.html" target="_top">Dante Alighieri</a> is guided by Virgil through the <i>Inferno</i> (Hell), and <i>Purgatorio</i> (Purgatory) on his way to Beatrice in <i>Paradiso</i> (Paradise) in his <i>Divine Comedy</i>. Written in the late 1200's and early 1300's Dante's cosmology is his own take on that of the medieval Roman Catholic church and has roots in Classical myth, the Bible, extra-canonical sources, and Dante's own politics. The link above takes you to both the Italian and Longfellow's translation. <li>Drawing on the legends of the fallen angels from Genesis 6 and various extra-canonical sources, John Milton crafted his masterpiece <a HREF=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new?id="MilPL67"&tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&part=0 target="_top">Paradise Lost</a> in 1664 with a revision in 1667. <li>Bashar Barghouti has collected a pair of <a href="http://www.barghouti.com/folklore/stories" target="_top">Palestinian Folk Stories</a> at his site. <h4><a name="turk">Anatolian</a></h4> <li><a href= "http://hittite-ref.html">Hittite Mythology REF</a> This page contains a description of the pantheon, and history of the Hittites, who drew heavily upon the pantheon of their neighbors the Hurrians. These peoples lived primarily in the central and eastern portions of Anatolia during the second millenium B.C.E. <li><a href="http://www.umr.edu/~gdoty/poems/altaic.html">Poems from the Turkish Epic</a> is a collection of Altaic poems a dapted by Gene Doty from Gulten Yener's prose translation. <li>Handan Oz's <a href="http://hcgl.eng.ohio-state.edu/~hoz/myth/myth.html">Turkish Mythology</a> page contains Turkish myths (mostly in Turkish) as well as myths set in Turkey (mostly Greek and written in English). (Broken Link 2/11/02) <h4><a name= "miscne">Miscellaneous Near East</a></h4> <li>Kephera claims to have assembled "the best collection of Middle Eastern Mythology!" accessible from his <a href="http://members.aol.com/Kheph777/mideast/mideast.html">Middle Eastern Studies</a> page. His ancient mythology page includes copies of Stephanie Dalley's translations of four Akkadian language myths. He also has a couple of Canaanite Myths, and five Egyptian myths. He also keeps a dictionary of Sumerian, Babylonian, Egyptian, Hittite, and Hebrew gods and assorted entities. (Broken Link 2/11/02) <li>Pagans Online's <a href="http://www.pagansonline.com/pagansonline/neareast.htm" target="_top">Scrolls Catalogue - Ancient Near East</a> collects some essays and translations of Mesopotamian and Egyptian texts. (Broken Link 2/11/02) <li>Robert Best argues that Noah's flood was based on Sumerian accounts of an actual river flood and compares the two versions in this site promoting his book: <a href="http://www.flood-myth.com" target="_top"><i>Noah's Ark and the Ziusudra Epic: Sumerian Origins of the Flood Myth.</i></a>. <LI> Well, it's archaeology, not mythology, but <a href="http://www-oi.uchicago.edu/OI/default.html">The Oriental Institute</a> at the University of Chicago has some interesting stuff including <a href="http://www-oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/RA/ABZU/ABZU.HTML">ABZU</a> a guide to info on the Ancient Near East availible on the net. <li>Father James W. Reites' course on the Origins of Western Religion contains a description and links concerning <a href="http://www-relg-studies.scu.edu/netcours/rs011/sess04/">Religion in the Ancient Near East: Myths and Gods</a>. He deals with Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Canaanites. <li>A brief glossary of predominently Mesopotamian, Near Eastern deities explains the <a href="http://www.iib.uam.es/docs/jr/iibdocs/iibgods.html">Names of the Computers at IIB</a>.uam.es. <h4><a name="1001nights">1001 Arabian Nights</a></h4> <LI> <i>Alf Layla wa Layla</i> <a href="http://mfx.dasburo.com/an/a_index_commented.html">The Thousand Nights and a Night</a> translated by Sir Richard F. Burton. Early versions of this collection of tales go back to the tenth century, but the present collection includes material from as recent as the sixteenth. It made its way to Europe, specifically France, in the early 1700's and Burton's version was published in the late 1800's. The source tales come from all over the Near East, as well as India. The frame story of Shaharazad is Persian and if you're looking for Sindbad the Sailor, this book is his home. Many of these tales feature the Caliph Harun al'Rashid, a historical figure who ruled the Abbasids and was a correspondent of Charlemagne. This is the 1850 version which is much less exhaustive and inclusive than his famous 17 volume 1885 version. Nonetheless, the file is huge. Other copies of this can be found <a href="http://lib1.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/arabnit.htm" target="_top">here</a>. <LI> <a href="ftp://uiarchive.cso.uiuc.edu/pub/etext/gutenberg/etext94/arabn11.txt"> Andrew Lang's version.</a> of <i>The Arabian Nights</i>. (Broken Link 2/11/02) <LI> <a href="ftp://uiarchive.cso.uiuc.edu/pub/etext/gutenberg/etext93/alad10.txt"> Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp</a> - a story associated with the Nights, but not included in the canonical collection. (Broken Link 2/11/02) <li>Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves is also associated with the Nights. This is from the Burton translation. (Broken Link 2/11/02) <li><a href="http://Djinn.html">Jinni, Genie, Djinn,</a> Richard F. Burton had a fair amount to say about them in the footnotes to his translation of the Nights. He also had notes about <a href="http://ghul.html" target="_top">Ghuls</a>, more commonly known as ghouls, the <a href="http://rukh.html" target="_top">Rukh</a>, and <a href="http://flcarpet.html" target="_top">flying carpets</a>. <li>John Crocker has an excellent set of notes on the Nights entitled <a href="http://www.crock11.freeserve.co.uk/arabian.htm">Arabian Nights Entertainments</a> after the publishing house which put out Burton's translation. He details works of art, music & literature inspired by the Nights, as well as providing a history of the Nights and of many of the characters contained therin. <li>Fatme Sharafeddine Hassan's essay <a href= "http://almashriq.hiof.no/general/000/070/079/al-jadid/aljadid-magic.html" target="_top">The Passion and the Magic: Distinctions of Arabic Folktales</a>, highlights common features of those stories. <li><a href="news:alt.mythology.jinn" target="_top">alt.mythology.jinn</a> has been a fairly low traffic newsgroup devoted to that subject. </ul> <h2><a name="indir">Indo-Iranian</a></h2> <ul> <h4><a name="persian">Persian</a></h4> <li>The Zoroastrian religion contains much of what we know of the Persian mythology, particularly in the <a href="http://www.avesta.org/avesta.html">Avesta</a>, a work attributed to Zarathustra, which likely preceeded him. <li>In the 800's CE, Ervad Zadspram compiled writings from <a href="http://eawc.evansville.edu/anthology/zadspram.htm" target="_top">the Avesta and Zand</a>, here translated by W. E. West for Exploring Ancient World Cultures. This selection begins with a description of creation by Ohrmazd and Ahriman. <li>Written around 1000 CE by Ferdowsi, the <a href="http://www.cit.ics.saitama-u.ac.jp/hobbies/iran/shahnameh.html">Shah Nahmeh</a> i.e. the Epic of the Kings, contains much of the balance of known Persian myth and legend including tales of the Zal and of Rustram. (Broken Link 2/11/02) <h4><a name="hindu">Hindu</a></h4> <li>Pomona's Ancient Cosmology site features three articles on <a href="http://arcturus.pomona.edu/india/as-india.html" target="_top">India</a> which describe the creations, Deities, and structure of the Vedic universe. (Eratic Link 5/26/00) <li><a href="http://www.indianmythology.com" target="_top">Indian Mythology.com</a> presents a sizable collection of tales and descriptions of Hindu deities as they appear in mythic tales. This stretches from the Vedas to folktales. <li>Global Hindu Electronic Networks presents <a href="http://www.hindunet.org/god/" target="_top">God in Hindu Dharma and Representation in Temples</a>, which describes and provides images of a number of Deities and heroes and also maintains an article from "Hinduism Today" on "God and Gods of Hinduism". <li>Dating back to <i>at least</i> 1200 BC to 900 BC, the <a href= "http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~wldciv/world_civ_reader/world_civ_reader_1/rig_veda.html"> Hymns of the Rig Veda</a> collected at Washington State University provide insight into creation, the <i>devas</i>, and the <i>ashuras</i>. <li>Sri Aurobindo focuses on the tradition of spirituality and mysticism found in the <i>Rig Veda</i>, and translates those hymms relating to <i>Agni</i>, fire, in <a href="http://magna.com.au/~prfbrown/rghmf_00.html"><i>Rig Veda</i> - Hymms to the Mystic Fire</a>. (Broken Link 2/12/02) <li>InvestIndia collects a dozen or so <a href="http://www.investindia.com/newsite/religion/stories.htm">Religious Stories from India</a> including mythological tales as well as summaries of the epics and a Yoga Sutra creation story. <li>John Smith maintains an archive of <a href="ftp://bombay.oriental.cam.ac.uk/pub/john/text" target="_top">Hindu epics in Sanskrit</a> including the <i>Mahabharata</i> and the <i>Ramayana</i>. <li>Richard Blumberg sumarizes the <a href="http://www.wmblake.com/stories/mahabharata" target="_top">Mahabharata</a> and includes some coments intended for a Western oriented readership. <li>Larry A. Brown presents a good synopsis of <a href="http://larryavisbrown.homestead.com/files/xeno.mahabsynop.htm" target="_top">The Mahabharata</a> as well as his discussion of the religious and mythological themes involved in the epic. <li>The Library of Hindu History includes a collection of links to essays concerning <a href="http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/ancient/mahabharat/mahab_link.html" target="_top">the Mahabharat</a> including some which find it to be more grounded in history than legend. <li>Concerning events of 1000 BCE and written down between 400 BCE and 200 CE, the <i>Ramayana</i> tells of Rama, Sita, and the Rakshasha among others and is attributed to Valmiki. Jean Johnson's <a href="http://www.askasia.org/frclasrm/lessplan/l000054.htm" target="_top">Rama and the Ramayana</a> discusses the work and offers a synopsis. <li>John Crocker present a good set of notes and a good summary of <a href="http://www.crock11.freeserve.co.uk/ramay.htm" target="_top">The Ramayana</a>. <li>This commercial site for <a href="http://www.acornis.com/india/imystica/index.html">indiaMystica</a> provides presents as a sample of their product, a brief history of Indian religious practices, from pre-Vedic times through the Upanishads. (Broken Link 2/14/02) <li>Mike Magee's and Jan Bailey's <a href="http://www.hubcom.com/tantric/">Tantrik Home Page</a> presents information and images of the gods, goddesses, and practices of Tantra. <li>K. Kannikeswaren and Templenet compile information about a number of Hindu temples. This page links to the sections covering <a href="http://www.templenet.com/legends.html">Myths and Legends</a> associated with those temples and their images. <li> Here's a brief description of Bengali <a href="http://www.gl.umbc.edu/~achatt1/folk.html">Folklore</a> from the West Bengal homepage. </ul> <h2><a name="armen">Armenian</a></h2> <ul> <li>The St. Gregory Armenian Apostolic Church has compiled this brief listing of the deities and their qualities in Armenian <a href="http://www.krikorlousavorich.org/mythology.htm" target="_top">Mythology</a> (Broken Link 2/14/02) <li>Armenia Online presents an article on <a href="http://www.armeniaonline.com/culture/anahit.htm" target="_top">The Worshiping of Armenian Mother Anahit</a>, Armenia's mother goddess. This article is based on Karapet Sukiasian's <i>Hayagitakan Hetazotutuner</i>. (Broken Link 5/26/00) <li>Tsegakron Hye writes an essay on the Armenians eponymous god, Ar in <a href="http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Rhodes/5692/" target="_top">Armenian Forefathers</a>. (Broken Link 2/14/02) </ul> <h2><a name="easia">East Asian</a></h2> <ul> <h4><a name="easiagen">East Asian - General</a></h4> <li>A. G. Bell Elementary has collected a number of links to <a href="http://athena.wednet.edu/curric/weather/pacrim/pacfolk.html" target="_top">Fairy/Folk Tales from the Pacific Rim</a>, including tales from East Asia and Southeast Asia. (Broken Link 2/14/02) <li>Joo-Young You presents an essay entitled <a href="http://www.aad.berkeley.edu/uga/osl/mcnair/94BerkeleyMcNairJournal/07_Yoo.html" target="_top">Foundation and Creation Myths in Korea and Japan: Patterns & Connections</a> and compares the tales within <i>Kojiki</i> and <i>Nihon shoki</i> with those found in <i>Samguk yusa</i> and <i>Samguk sagi</i>. <h4><a name="china">Chinese</a></h4> <li>Chinavista's The China Experience includes a description of <a href="http://www.chinavista.com/experience/myth/myth.html" target="_top">Chinese Myths and Fantasies</a> from a historical perspective, brief retellings of over a dozen <a href="http://www.chinavista.com/experience/story/story.html" target="_top">Selected Mythical Stories</a> as well as descrpitions of some <a href="http://www.chinavista.com/experience/joss1/deities.html" target="_top">Deities Worshipped by Farmers</a>. <li>U. C. Computer (Shanghai) maintains a large collection of Chinese <a href="http://www.sh.com/culture/legend/legend.htm" target="_top">Historic Legends & Tales</a> including how Pan Gu created the world, how Nv Wa patched up the sky, as well as tales of historical figures such as Emperors and Confusius. <li>Princeton ninth graders have researched <a href="http://www.prs.k12.nj.us/Schools/PHS/English_Dept/English_I/1995/myth-research1.html"> Chinese Creation Myths</a>. (Broken Link 2/14/02) <li><a href="http://www.taorestore.org/index2.html" target="_top">The Taoist Restoration Society</a> is primarily a religious site, but does include a few essays about the legends associated with some Taoist deities as well as many illustrations of Taoist deities particularly in the Taoism Explained and Introduction sections. <li>Tao Resource, a related commercial site, describes the deities of <a href="http://www.taoresource.com/gods.html" target="_top">The Taoist Pantheon</a> in paragraph long descriptions, sometimes including brief allusions to associated legends. <li>The life of Buddhist monk Xuan Zang (602-664 C.E.) is the basis for the story <a href="http://www.china-on-site.com/literatu/classic/west/index.html" target="_top">The Journey to the West</a>, also known as <i>The Monkey King</i>. This site contains an episode from the novel illustrated with Chinese paintings. <li> Galen Jang's <a href="http://www.best.com/~zhuge">China: Journey of the Mind</a> features an English translation of Pu Sung-lin's <i>Liao Tsai Chi Yi</i>, a 17th century collection of tales. (Broken Link 2/14/02) <li>Jason Enterprise tells of the Nian as a monster in <a href="http://jasono.hypermart.net/legends.htm" target="_top">Myths and Legends of the Chinese New Year</a>. (Broken Link 2/14/02) <h4><a name="tibet">Tibetan</a></h4> <li>This excerpt from an article by H. Wenzel in <i>The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i> tells <a href="http://pears2.lib.ohio-state.edu/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/wen.htm" target="_top">A Jataka-Tale from the Tibetan</a>. Jataka are fables concerning former lives of the Buddha. <h4><a name="korea">Korean</a></h4><br> Special thanks to Nancy Lee for suggesting many of the Korean legend links.<br> <li> <a href="http://violet.berkeley.edu/~korea/legends.html"> Myths and Legends of Ancient Korea</a> translated by Richard Rutt and Peter Lee. <li>The SsangYong motor company presents this summary of <a href="http://symc.ssy.co.kr/english/web_break/dragon.htm" target="_top">The SsangYong Legend</a> - the legend of the twin dragons. (Eratic link 7/31/01) <li>Hwan-ung begins a new nation as a bear and a tiger ask him for advice on how to become human in <a href="http://www.koreanhistoryproject.org/Ket/Essays/C01/E0000.htm" target="_top">Korea in the eye of the Tiger</a> - which tells the legend of the founding of Korea as a preface to a site dealing with Korean history. <li>Kidsight's Folk Tale Corner tells an illustrated version of <a href="http://korea.insights.co.kr/forkid/story/index.html" target="_top">The Story of Tan-gun</a>. <li>Jeon Hong Kyu retells <a href="http://ccsun7.sogang.ac.kr/~burns/cult951/tangun.html" target="_top">The T'angun Legend and Ancient Choson</a>, a tale of the founding of Korea, as part a project at Sogang University. <li>As part of the same project, Song Ju Yeon retells <a href="http://ccsun7.sogang.ac.kr/~burns/cult951/founding.html" target="_top">The Founding Myth of Koguryo</a>. <li>Kim Mae Sook retells <a href="http://soback.kornet.nm.kr/~pixeline/heeyun/korea/simchung.html" target="_top">The Tale of Sim Chung</a> - a story of piety and fidelity along with a brief sojurn under the Southern Sea. <li>This page on <a href="http://www.warrior-scholar.com/entertainment/astroart.htm" target="_top">Korean Astrology</a> begins by telling the legend of how the Korean zodiac came into being. (Broken Link 2/14/02) <li>Sugano explains the nature of <a href="http://www3.justnet.ne.jp/~ikim/ENG.HTM" target="_top">Tokkaebi</a>, i.e. Korean "gremlins". This page is also available in <a href="http://www3.justnet.ne.jp/~ikim/TOKKAEBI.HTM" target="_top">Japanese</a>. (Broken Link 2/14/02) <li>Haemin Dennis Park tells the story of <a href="http://ns.gold-link.com/hdp/gold.html">Hok-boo-ri Grandpa</a>, The Old Man With A Wen. He also encounters do-ggae-bis (tokkaebis). (Broken Link 2/14/02) <li>Carsten Jorgenson has compiled a great deal of information on <a href="http://hwarangdo.com/hwarang.htm" target="_top">The Hwarang Warriors</a> a group of Korean knights who were both legendary and historical. <li>A class at UIUC put together a collection of <a href="http://deil.lang.uiuc.edu/class.pages/1aSp96/fairytales.html" target="_top">Fairytales</a> from east Asia - primarily from Korea, but with a couple from Japan and one from Taiwan. <li>Dr. Jason Joh presents his <a href="http://www.csun.edu/~hcedu004/index.html" target="_top">Home Page of Korean Folktales</a> which includes his essay on Korean folklore as well as his translations of several tales. <li>Eyoungsoo Park retells the folktale of the brothers <a href="http://members.aol.com/ForKorea/Folktale.htm" target="_top">Nolboo and Hungboo</a>. <li>Heinz Insu Fenkl introduces with comentary the tale of Shimchong, <a href="http://www.endicott-studio.com/forblind.html" target="_top">The Blind Man's Daughter</a>, a story of virtue and sacrifice of a daughter for her father. <li>KT Net's <a href="http://www.ktnet.co.kr/enghome/culture/faith.html">Korean Faith</a> page includes the story of Princess Pari, as well as a general discussion of faiths native to Korea and the somewhat more recently imported religions of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism. <li>Suzanne Crowder Han retells four folktales on this site about <a href="http://park.org/Korea/Pavilions/PublicPavilions/KoreaImage/hangul/litera/index.htm" target="_top">Hangul / Literature</a> - Hangul is the Korean alphabet. (Broken Link 2/14/02) <h4><a name="japan">Japanese</a></h4> <li>Pomona's Ancient Cosmology site includes an article by Mitch Stoltz on <a href="http://arcturus.pomona.edu/japan/japan.html" target="_top">Ancient Japanese Culture and Cosmology</a>. It includes a brief account of the Shinto creation story. (Broken Link 2/14/02) <li>The <i>Kojiki</i> and the <i>Nihongi</i>, both completed in the early 8th century C.E., are the earliest written histories of Japan. Their early sections contain a wealth of myth and legend, and of the two, the <i>Kojiki</i> contains more mythic material. Mire Uno translates those sections of that work relating to Miyazaki Prefecture in <a href="http://www.harapan.co.jp/english/miya_e/myth/kojiki_index.htm" target="_top">Myth and Legends in Miyazaki: Kojiki</a>. Included within the translations here are also illustrations and a nice family tree of the older deities. This page is part of a larger site dealing with other <a href="http://www.harapan.co.jp/english/miya_e/myth/myth_index.htm" target="_top">Myths and Legends in Miyazaki</a>. <li>Paul Brians et al. present another excerpt from their book <i>Reading About the World, Volume 1</i> discussing the <a href="http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~wldciv/world_civ_reader/world_civ_reader_1/kojiki.html" target="_top">Japanese Creation Myth - Tales from the <i>Kojiki</i></a>. <i>The Kojiki</i> was complied in 712 CE by O No Yasumaro. <li><a href="http://cc.matsuyama-u.ac.jp/~kim/Introduction.html"> Kimiyo Tanaka's intro page</a> tells briefly of the creation of Japan and, more germain to the rest of her site, the haiku. <li>A brief telling of the <a href="http://www.miyazaki-mic.ac.jp/students/class98/yonitsuk/art/myth.html"> Myth of Munakata-Taisha</a> <li>Ayacko Adachi retells a handful of <a href="http://www.st.rim.or.jp/~cycle/SACHIE.HTML">Japanese Myths</a>. <li>Myriam Dantois has nearly a dozen <a href="http://www.dl.ulis.ac.jp/oldtales/" target="_top">Japanese Old Tales</a> on her site, written in Japanese, as well as translated into French, Spanish, and English. <li>The <a href="http://www2.gol.com/users/stever/jastro.html"> Astronomy in Japan</a> page contains, among other things, details of a few legends and mythic starlore. <li>Ancient World presents five brief tales from <a href="http://www.st.rim.or.jp/~cycle/myrefE.HTML" target="_top">Japanese Myth</a>. <li>While geared for use in role-playing games (Torg, Shadowrun), <a href="http://www.io.com/~nishio/japan/critter.html">Japanese Legendary Lives</a> by Gen-ichi Nishio, contains legitimate descriptions of legendary creatures. (Broken Link 2/14/02) </ul> <h2><a name="seasia">Southeast Asian</a></h2> <ul> <h4><a name="burm">Burmese</a></h4> <li>Dr. Htin Aung tells about the celebration the Burmese New Year and <a href="http://www.buddhism.ndirect.co.uk/newyear.htm" target="_top">The Visit of Thagyamin</a>, the King of the Gods. <h4><a name="camb">Cambodian</a></h4> <li>This site tells the legend of the founding of <a href="http://www.phnompenhdaily.com/wattphnom.htm" target="_top">Phnom Penh</a>. <h4><a name="hmong">Hmong</a></h4> <li>Khoua Neng Yang retells <a href="http://mrfrench.cslab.uwlax.edu/~yang_k/www/myth.html" target="_top">The Creation Myths, Legends, and Folk Tales of the Hmong</a>. The Hmong, aka the Miao, live in south east China, and northern Vietnam, Laos and Thailand. (Broken Link 2/14/02) <h4><a name="viet">Vietnamese</a></h4> <li><a href="http://coombs.anu.edu.au/WWWVLPages/VietPages/coatarms.html">Symbols of Vietnam</a> explains the legendary nature of those objects in its title. <li> A page on <a href="http://www.mpce.mq.edu.au/~tran/viet/vietlit.html">Vietnamese Literature</a> (Broken Link 2/14/02) <h4><a name="thai">Thai</a></h4> <li>The U.S. Muy Thai Association presents this page on the <a href="http://www.usmta.com/MYTHS%20&%20LEGENDS.htm" target="_top">Ramakien</a>, the Thai version of the Sanskrit epic, the <i>Ramayana</i>. Here it ties parts of it to moves in Thai boxing. <font color=red><b><i>Restored!</i></b></font> 2/14/02 <li>This site is another recounting of the <a href="http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Thai/literature/ramakian/introduction.htm" target="_top">Ramakian</a>. <font color=red><b><i>Restored!</i></b></font> 2/14/02 <li>The Chiang Mai annals tell a fifteenth century story of <a href="http://www.martial-arts.shoto.com/content/index.php3?bd=styles/muaythai/articles/thailegends.html&hd=styles/muaythai/header.inc" target="_top">The Tiger King</a> another legend related to Muay Thai (Thai boxing). (Broken Link 2/14/02) <li>This page briefly tells folklore and myths associated with certain <a href="http://www.geocities.com/Tokyo/Teahouse/1428/index.html" target="_top">Thai Amulets, Charms and Talismans</a> <li>Rachan Ninlawannapha and Wajuppa Tossa retell the folktale of <a href="http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Thai/Thai_literature/storytelling/pig%26dog/pig%26dogtext.htm" target="_top">Pig and Dog</a>, which explains why pigs eat bran and dogs eat rice. (Broken Link 2/14/02) <li><a href="http://boh.com.my/pl/pubdoc/2355" target="_top">Asian Elephant Legends</a> briefly tells the Thai origin story for elephants. <font color=red><b><i>Restored!</i></b></font> 2/14/02 <li>L. Hasadsri tells the folktale of <a href="http://www.geocities.com/Tokyo/9149/gib.html" target="_top">The Singing Ape of Thailand</a> - an origin story of the Lar Gibbon. <h4><a name="malay">Malay</a></h4> <li>June Rubis has collected a number of <a href="http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Vines/2020/fable.html" target="_top">Fauna Folktales</a> (Broken Link 2/14/02) <li>KampungNet, representing Singapore's Muslim community collects a handful of <a href="http://www.pointpub.com/kampungnet/legends.html" target="_top">Malay Legends</a> about Singapore. <li>Lady Kitty has collected a handful of <a href="http://www.geocities.com/TheTropics/5994/myths.html" target="_top">Myths and Legends of Singapore</a> as well as some ghost stories from the Lion City. <li>Puan Normah Mohamad tells the story of <a href="http://agrolink.moa.my/lpp/selangor/trivia.html" target="_top">The Monkey and Red Chillies</a> (Broken Link 2/14/02) <h4><a name="indones">Indonesian</a></h4> <li>Mario Rustan's page on <a href="http://www.st.rim.or.jp/~cycle/MYbaseE.HTML" target="_top">Indonesian Myth</a> gives a basic introduction and then retells almost a dozen tales. <li>Mrs Kusumadewi retells the legend of the Keong Mas, <a href="http://www.geocities.com/Tokyo/6666/golden.html" target="_top">The Golden Snail</a> - a tale of shapechanging and curses. <li>Here is a brief retelling of the Javanese <a href="http://lc.byuh.edu/EIL_WORLD/317WF97/risakotta/legend2.html" target="_top">Legend of Prambanan Temple</a>. (Broken Link 2/14/02) <li>Renny Yaniar has collected three <a href="http://www.geocities.com/EnchantedForest/Tower/4909/folktales.html" target="_top">Folktales from Indonesia</a>, principally from Java. <li>Here is briefly retold the Javan tale of <a href=" http://www.geocities.com/EnchantedForest/Meadow/5899/folktales.html" target="_top">The Birth of Majapahit</a>. <li>The year four class at Fahan school retell and illustrate <a href="http://www.fahan.tas.edu.au//Compute/Flores/pgone.html" target="_top">The Blooming Flower of Flores</a> (Broken Link 2/14/02) <h4><a name="filip">Filipino</a></h4> <li>Tanikalang Ginto, the Philippines' Web Directory has large collection of links to <a href="http://www.filipinolinks.com/society/myths.html" target="_top">Filipino Myths and Legends</a> <li>Johann Stockinger has put much of Mable Cook Cole's collection of <a href="http://www.univie.ac.at/Voelkerkunde/apsis/aufi/folk/folktale.htm" target="_top">Philippine Folk Tales</a> gathered from five of the Filipino peoples (Tagalog, Ilocano, Bilaan, Manadaya, and Visayan) with six more groups stories in preparation when this link was added. </ul> <h2><a name="casia">Central and Western Asian</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.umr.edu/~gdoty/poems/altaic.html" target="_top">Poems from the Turkish Epic</a> is a collection of Altaic poems a dapted by Gene Doty from Gulten Yener's prose translation. <li><a href="http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/63_folder/63_articles/63_index.html" target="_top">Azerbaijan International</a> is an online magazine that in this issue has a number of articles on Azerbaijani legends, both ancient and contemporary. <font color=red><b><i>Restored!</i></b></font> 2/14/02 <li>Three English translations of <a href="http://gaudi.llc.washington.edu/uzbek/uzb200/htmls/translationmain.htm" target="_top">Uzbek Folktales</a> are kept on this University of Washington site meant to aid students of the Uzbek language. (Broken Link 2/14/02) <li>This <a href="http://www.ezlink.com/~culturev/mongol.html" target="_top">Mongol</a> page features a collection of Mongol Mythology, translated by Todd Cornell and the trickster tale of Shagdar the Nut. <li>Sarangerel of the Buryat Homepage, recounts about a dozen tales of <a href="http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/8226/mythology.html" target=_top">Buryat Mongolian Mythology</a>. <li>Afghani.com's <a href="http://www.afghani.com/traditio.htm" target="_top">Afghan Traditions & History</a> page discusses the mythic origins of the new year festival of Nowrouz which has some ties to Zoroastrianism. (Broken Link 2/14/02) <li>The Afghan Cultural Information Center maintains a small collection of <a href="http://enterprise.aacc.cc.md.us/~haq/Afghans/Society/Folklore/folklore.html" target="_top">Afghan Folklore</a> including a few folktales. (Broken Link 2/14/02) </ul> <h2><a name="greek">Greek and Roman</a></h2> <ul> <li>The <a href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/">Perseus Project</a> maintains an extensive collection of hypertext annotated classical texts, as well as a new encyclopedia and <a href= "http://medusa.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/engindex">search engine</a>. <li>Another great resource of classical texts is found at the MIT Student Newspaper's site <a href="http://classics.mit.edu/">The Tech's Classics Archive</a>. <LI> <a href="http://diogenes.baylor.edu/WWWproviders/thorburn"> Baylor Classics Page</a> (Broken Link 2/14/02) <li> <a href="news:sci.classics">sci.classics</a> <h4>Greek</h4> <li>One of the first sites to offer information on the characters and stories of <a href="http://www.desy.de/gna/interpedia/greek_myth/greek_myth.html" target="_top">Greek Mythology</a> is this one by John M. Hunt. <LI>Princeton's Greek Myth HQ by Mark Woon is now <a href="http://www.princeton.edu/~markwoon/Myth/">Classical Mythology by Geography</a>. <li>Professor Ruth Webb, also at Princeton, has a comprehensive site on the characters in Greek mythology for her <a href="http://www.princeton.edu/~rhwebb/myth.html">Classics Course CLA 212 Mythology Home Page</a>. <li>Spyros Tyrakis' site features <a href="http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/3628/index.html">The Hellenic Pantheon</a>. While primarily a neo-pagan site, it also contains information about the Greek deities and mythology related links. (Broken Link 2/14/02) <li><a href="http://members.tripod.com/~comonline">Brandon's Mythology</a> is an overview of Greek mythology. <li>Carlos Parada's <a href="http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/" target="_top">Greek Mythology Link</a> provides information about the gods and heroes in brief list form as well as extended entries on the more major deities. It also allows the user to poll entries from his CDrom - <i>Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology</i>. Another useful feature here is the bibliography of primary sources, indicating which myths they contain. (Now also available <a href="http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/000Spanish/Paginas.html" target="_top">en espa�ol</a> <b><i><font color=red>Restored!</font></i></b> 2/10/02 <li><a href="http://www.milica.com.au/greek_myths" target="_top">From Myth to Eternity</a> is another Greek myth project. This one gives summaries of information on the greek cosmology and mythological characters as well as providing related images and links to excerpts from classical sources. <li><a href="http://www.the-pantheon.com/" target="_top">The Pantheon</a> is another Greek myth project that details the stories, the deities, and other characters that appear in Greek mythology. Also part of this site are a search feature and a discussion board. <li>Audrey's <a href="http://www.chez.com/clio/" target="_top">Le Grenier de Clio</a> provides brief articles on a large number of classical mythological figures, accompanied by a number of images from classical and renaissance art. This site is primarily en Francais, with English and Deutsch translations. <li>Hellas On Line provides information on <a href="http://www.hol.gr/greece/ancgods.htm" target="_top">The Ancient Gods</a> of Greece, including brief descriptions and a family tree. <li>Here is a brief description of <a href="http://www.psych.yorku.ca/orgs/cheiron/myth.htm">The Myth of Cheiron</a> <b><i><font color=red>Restored!</font></i></b> 2/14/02 <li>The University of Victoria presents <a href="http://web.uvic.ca/athena/bowman/myth/">Classical Myth: The Ancient Sources</a>, which collects links to classical images and texts and organizes them by Olympian deity. <li> Classical depictions of the most popular pantheon <a href="http://www-lib.haifa.ac.il/www/art/MYTHOLOGY_WESTART.HTML"> Mythology in Western Art</a> kept by the University of Haifa Library. <LI> <a href="http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/9631/myth.htm">Mythology 101</a> From the people who bring you "Hercules: The Legendary Journeys". Brief and flip but not inaccurate. (Broken Link 2/14/02) <li> <a href="http://ceres6.physi.uni-heidelberg.de/groups/ceres/myth.html"> Ceres</a> A summary of the Persephone myth as a means of explaining the name of the host machine. <b><i><font color=red>Restored!</font></i></b> 2/14/02 <li>From an astronomical perspective, here is the <a href="http://www.ras.ucalgary.ca/~gibson/pleiades/pleiades_myth.html"> Mythology of the Seven Sisters (Pleiades)</a> <li> The Eliki site has this <a href="http://www.eliki.com/portals/fantasy/circle/">Circle of Muses</a> which describes those inspirational beings. <li>Heather Blakey's <a href="http://www.eisa.net.au/~oracle/front.html" target="_top">House of the Muse</a> also describes the daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne on this site which is primarily intended as a creative writing center. <li>The Ecole Initiative keeps an article by Edward Beach on <a href="http://www.uwec.edu/academic/philrel/beach/eleusis.html">The Eleusinian Mysteries</a> which honored Demeter and Persephone. (Broken Link 2/14/02) <LI> Writing in the last half of the eighth century B.C.E. or perhaps the early 7th century B.C.E., Hesiod presents the earliest written works of Greek Mythology. His <a href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130"> Theogony</a> describes the creation of the world and the history of the titans and gods. <a href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0132"> Works and Days</a> focuses more on the acts of man, while containing a synopsis of the myth of Prometheus and Pandora and the myth of the five ages of man. <b><i><font color=red>Restored!</font></i></b> 2/14/02 <LI>Assembled in its present form by the sixth century B.C.E. <a href="http://classics.mit.edu/Homer/iliad.html">The Iliad</a> is attributed to Homer and was probably composed around 750 B.C.E. It tells part of the story of the Trojan War. <b><i><font color=red>Restored!</font></i></b> 2/14/02 <LI> <a href="http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~joelja/odyssey.html"> The Odyssey</a> also by Homer, here translated by S. Butler, tells of the wanderings of Odysseus following the capture of Troy, on his way home to his family in Ithaka. <h4><a name="roman">Roman</a></h4> <li>Bill Thayer's RomanSites is a detailed collection of links related to ancient Rome. This page is his sub section on <a href="http://www.ukans.edu/history/index/europe/ancient_rome/E/Roman/RomanSites*/Topics/Religion.html" target="_top">Astrology, Magic, Religion & Philosophy</a> - with the religion sections haveing myth related links. <li>David Camden's <a href="http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/6946/rome.html">Forum</a> presents retellings of a number of Roman and Greek myths, as well as other Roman cultural information and, of course, the requisite link pages. (Broken Link 2/14/02) <li><a href="http://www.novaroma.org/religio_romana/" target="_top">Religio Romana</a> is a Roman pagan reconstructionist site which includes some brief information on the dieties of Rome and promises to offer more information on Roman legends. <LI>Publius Vergilius Maro wrote his sequel to Homer's epics, <a href="http://classics.mit.edu/Virgil/aeneid.html">The Aeneid</A> in 29 B.C.E., bringing Trojan glory to the ancient Latins in the form of Aeneas. <b><i><font color=red>Restored!</font></i></b> 2/14/02 <li>Alan Dyck presents John Dryden's verse translation of <a href="http://www.hmg.com/staff/alan/aeneid01.htm" target="_top">Book I of <i>The Aeneid</i></a>. (Broken Link 2/14/02) <li>Larry A. Brown presents a thorough summary and commentary of <a href="http://larryavisbrown.homestead.com/files/xeno.ovid1.htm" target="_top">Ovid's Metamorphoses</a>. Publius Ovidius Naso composed his poetic retellings of Classical Myths sometime during his lifetime of 43 B.C.E. to 18 C.E. </ul> <h2><a name="norse">Norse/Teutonic</a></h2> <ul> <li> Nicole Cherry's <a href = "http://www.ugcs.caltech.edu/~cherryne/mythology.html"> Norse Mythology page</a> Excellent, with more being added. <li> <a href = "http://www.luth.se/luth/present/sweden/history/gods/Old_norse_myth.html"> The nordic mythology...</a> A recounting of Snori's Edda, possibly with more to come. <li>Sverre Moe's <a href="http://home.sol.no/~svemoe/WebSite/History/English/">Viking History Web</a> includes a good deal of information on Norse mythology and deities. He's also working on a multi-lingual text archive of sagas and Edda poems, but the primary focus of the site is on history. (Broken Link 2/14/02) <li><a href="http://www.control.chalmers.se/vikings/indexframe.html" target="_top">The Viking Home Page</a> which has some info on the history and religion of the Northmen. <LI> Some students in Iceland have been putting together <a href = "http://rvik.ismennt.is/~harpa/forn/English.html"> Fornfraedi a Vesturlandi</a> which has or will have info. on some a couple of sagas as well as Snorri's Edda. That link will get you to the English version, from which the more comprehensive <a href="http://rvik.ismennt.is/~harpa/forn">Icelandic version</a> is also reachable. (Broken Link 2/14/02) <li>Nicky Page provides a collection of translations on <a href="http://members.xoom.com/nikpage/nse/norse.htm" target="_top">The Norse Classics Page</a>, including Paul Taylor and W. H. Auden's translation of the Elder Edda, a translation of the Prose Edda, excerpts from a number of sagas, and an essay or two on Norse Mythology. (Broken Link 2/14/02) <LI><a href="http://www.squirrel.com/squirrel/asatru/poetic_edda.txt">The Poetic Edda</a> translated into English by Stephan Grundy. Also known as Edda Saemundar and as the Elder Edda, the oldest written copy of this work dates to 1270 in Iceland, about 30 years after the publication of Snorri Sturlason's Prose Edda. Still, this work is often judged to be closer to the source than Snorri's work and less colored by his clerical perceptions. <LI> Within its extensive archives, <a href= "http://www.lysator.liu.se/runeberg/">Project Runeberg</a> offers <a href="http://www.lysator.liu.se/runeberg/eddan/">The Poetic Edda</a>, both in modern Swedish and in Old Norse. <li>Composed around 1200 for an Austrian court wedding, the <a href="http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/Nibelungenlied/" target="_top">Nibelungenlied</a> tells of the Burgundians Gunther and Kriemhild, her lover, Siegfried, Gunter's wooing of Brunhild, the treachery of Hagen, and the court of Etzel aka. Attila the Hun. <li>The story of Sigurd, Gudren, Grimhild and Brynhild is found in the 13th century work <a href="http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/Volsunga/" target="_top">Volsunga Saga</a>, a story which is also told in the Poetic Edda and the <i>Nibelungenlied</i>. <li> The <a href="http://www.anglo-saxon.demon.co.uk/lyfja/ghp/germanic.html" target="_top">Germanic Heritage Page</a>, by Arlea Anschütz, includes a page of links to and essays about Germanic folklore and mythology as well as Asatru, history, and literature. <li>In Furth im Wald, every summer for the past 500 years or so, the <a href="http://www.drachenstich.de" target="_top">"Drachenstich"</a> is performed - tale of a knight slaying a dragon during the Hussite Wars. This site is primarily auf Deutsch. <LI>A rise in the spirit of German unity, partially triggered by a rising French influence during the reign of Napoleon inspired linguists Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm to assemble a collection of <a href= "http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~spok/grimmtmp/" target="_top"><i>Märchen</i></a> - most often translated as 'Fairy Tales', but also meaning 'Fables' or 'Legends', from across the German countryside, publishing them between 1812 and 1815. <li>Also in the 1800's, Richard Wagner composed <a href="http://www.hacom.nl/~detempel/" target="_top">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a>, an opera in the tradition of <i>Nibelungenleid</i> and the <i>Volsungsaga</i>. This page by Erik Tempel contains a plot summary and character descriptions of the cycle - in Dutch. </ul> <h2><a name="finnug">Finno-Ugric</a></h2> <ul> <h4><a name="finn">Suomi (Finnish)</a></h4> <li><a href="http://virtual.finland.fi/finfo/english/muinueng.html">FINFO: The Ancient Religion of the Finns</a>. An extensive examination of ancient Finnish religion, including the precursors to the Kalevala. <li>Reijo Nenonen and Luca Piotto present <a href="http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Vines/4640/" target="_top">The Ancient Finnish Myths home page</a> which describes the history, deities, cults, and spells of the Suomi and of course includes the appropriate links. (Broken Link 2/14/02) <li> <a href="http://virtual.finland.fi/finfo/english/kalevala.html" target="_top">FINFO: Kalevala</a> An examination and summary of the Kalevala and its role as myth and national symbol. Also found there is <a href="http://virtual.finland.fi/finfo/english/kaleva.html" target="_top">Kalevala - The Finish National Epic</a> <li> <a href="http://www.hut.fi/~pjoki/myths.html">Finnish Mythology</a> A brief introduction to the topic by Pirjo Joki. <LI> <a href="http://www.kaapeli.fi/maailma/kalevala/kalevala.html"> Kalevala</a> by Elias Lönnrot (in Finnish/Suomeksi). Lönnrot spent the years from 1828 to 1845 collecting folk songs from the Karelia regions of Finland and Russia and assembled and edited them into what became the Finnish national epic. An early version was released in 1835, with the final version being completed in 1849. <li>Another copy of the <a href="http://www.lysator.liu.se/runeberg/kalevala/">Kalevala</a> can be found at Project Runeberg. <li>Ritva Raesmaa's <a href="http://www.helsinki.fi/kasv/nokol/kalevala.html">Kalevala page</a> contains many links on the work. <li>Sonja Reasor presents selections from W. F. Kirby's English translation of the Kalevala in <a href="http://www.wolfenet.com/~elysium/kalevala.html" target="_top">Kalevala - Land of Heroes</a>. She includes sections of Runo's 1, 9, and 10, which deal with creation, iron working, and the Sampo. (Broken Link 2/14/02) <li>Aaron Shepard retells part of Vainamoinen's battle of song with the young Joukahainen from Runo 3 of the Kalevala in <a href="http://www.aaronshep.com/storytelling/GOS08.html">A Hero Tale of Finland</a> <li>Keith Bosley's English translation of Runo 15 from the Kalevala - a Lemminkainen episode - is provided by <a href="http://www.3dsite.com/ic/p-kalevala.cgi">Interspecies Communication</a>. <li>Aaron Shepard again retells part of the Kalevala this time reworking the contest between Vaino and Ilmarinen for the hand of Louhi's daughter in <a href="http://www.aaronshep.com/books/Northland.html#sample">The Maiden of the Northland</a> <h4><a name="sami">Sami</a></h4> <li>Glenn Jakobsen's page on Sami Culture expired, leaving a pointer to the <a href="http://www.quest-dynamics.com/sana/">Sami Association of North America</a>, which contains links to information on the culture of the people from arctic Scandinavia. (Broken Link 2/14/02) <h4><a name="esto">Estonian</a></h4> <li>Commentary on the <a href="http://moon.ibs.ee/literature/kalevipoeg/index.html">Kalevipoeg</a>, the Estonian national epic. (Broken Link 2/14/02) <h4><a name="mansi">Mansi</a></h4> <li>Aado Lintrop's essay on <a href="http://haldjas.folklore.ee/folklore/vol3/litlemos.htm" target="_top">Little Mos'-woman</a> features stories of her and Bell-Hand, and bear feasts as recounted by Maria Albina and Klaudia Sainokhova. This article appears in the Estonian Folklore Archive's <a href="http://haldjas.folklore.ee/folklore/index.html" target="_top">Electronic Journal of Folklore</a>. <h4><a name="hung">Hungarian</a></h4> <li>Fred Hamori's extensive <a href="http://www2.4dcomm.com/millenia">Hungarian Heritage Page</a> has been relocated and expanded. His section on mythology includes links to his accounts of legends and with detailed linguistic traces. <li>Dr. Josef Vegvari's <a href="http://www.flc.klte.hu/jvegvari/">Magyar Traditional Culture</a> page (originally titled "Hungarian organic culture") "does not contain any myths or legends in the strict sense of the word - it presents original and largely unpublished research relating to the origins of, and the ancient knowledge underlying, all Hungarian folklore. This knowledge is cosmic in its origins and astrological in its structure." - Dr. Vegvari. <li>István Lázár tells the origin myth of the Huns and Magyars in Chapter 2, <a href="http://www.hungary.com/corvinus/lib/lazar/zar03.htm" target="_top">One Must Descend from Some Place</a> of his book <i>Hungary - A Brief History</i>. <font color=red><b><i>Restored!</i></b></font> 2/14/02 </ul> <h2><a name="slav">Slavic</a> and Baltic</h2> <ul> <h4>General Slavic</h4> <li>Ainsley Friedberg's page on <A HREF="http://hometown.aol.com/hpsofsnert/index.html" target="_top">Slavic Paganism & Witchcraft</A> includes pages on Slavic Pagan Beliefs and Slavic deities, demigods and faeryfolk in addition to spells and links to related sites. <li>This page describing the deities of <a href="http://www.users.interport.net/~hwid/Wod/Other/slav.html" target="_top">The Slavic Mythos</a> comes from a site dealing with a PBEM RPG. (Broken Link 2/14/02) <h4><a name="pole">Polish</a></h4> <li>Denice Szafran presents <a href="http://okana.org" target="_top">Lady Okana's Web</a>. Here you will find primarily Polish information including pages on Polish Paganism, a listing of Slavic Deities, spirits, and faery folk, a brief collection of folk tales, and other places to go for resources. <font color=red><b><i>Restored!</i></b></font> 2/16/02 <li>Tomasz Wiersza�owicz has a list of names of Polish deities at <a href="http://www.kki.net.pl/~wierszalow/" target="_top">Slowianie</a>. (Broken Link 2/19/02) <h4><a name="czech">Czech/Bohemian</a></h4> <li>Grace Green Knoche retells the Czech Legend of <a href="http://www.theosophy-nw.org/theosnw/world/anceur/eu-ggkn.htm" target="_top">The Princess Libushe</a>. <h4><a name="russ">Russian</a></h4> <li>Russian Crafts collects dozens of <a href="http://russian-crafts.com/tales.html" target="_top">Russian and Ukranian folk tales, legends, and stories</a> including a couple retold by Pushkin. <li>Tradestone International collects eight <a href="http://www.lacquerbox.com/tales.htm" target="_top">Russian Fairy Tales</a>. <li>G. Galinka describes the pre-Christian Russian pantheon of Peroon (Perun) et al. in <a href="http://vladivostok.com/rus_mag/eng/N_4/SLAVEN.HTM" target="_top">Ancient Slavic Gods</a>. (Broken Link 2/19/02) <li> <a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu/sergei/Dazhdbog.html">Dazhdbog in Russian mythology</a> Summary and excerpts from Dazhdbog's tale with commentary by Sergei Naumov. <li>Sunbirds.com sells Russian Lacquer, much of it decorated with themes from Russian folk stories. Their page of <a href="http://www.sunbirds.com/readings/index.shtml" target="_top">Readings</a> is an index to brief essays on the subjects of those tales. <li>Masha Gedilaghine Holl presents a lengthy essay on <a href="http://user.aol.com/MHoll/Tales/RussianFolktalePage.html" target="_top">Russian Folk Tales</a> and includes links to her tellings of some of those stories including the "Tale of the Apples of Youth and the Living Water", which features Prince Ivan and Baba Yaga, and several animal tales. <li>David J. Birnbaum's <a href="http://clover.slavic.pitt.edu/~tales/" target="_top">Russian Fairy Tales</a> class web page includes a page with brief descriptions of Russian gods as well as a page full of images related to those stories. <li>E.A. Kostiukhin tells about <a href="http://www.virginia.edu/~slavic/seefa/MAGTALES.HTM" target="_top">Magic Tales that End Badly</a> in this lengthy article for the SEEFA (Slavic and East European Folklore Association) Journal. <h4><a name="bulg">Bulgarian</a></h4> <li>Wonderland Bulgaria's <a href="http://www.omda.bg/engl/ethnography/ethn_folk.htm" target="_top">Ethnography and Folklore</a> page contains Todor Zhivkov's essay on Bulgarian Folklore and an article on the Samodivi (Woodland Fairies). Their layout suggests that there will be myths, legends and folk-tales page in the future. <h4><a name="serb">Serbian</a></h4> <li>Mark D. Lew has collected Helen Rootham's translations of <a href="http://home.earthlink.net/~markdlew/SerbEpic" target="_top">Serbian Epic Poetry</a> - specifically the Kosovo song cycle, centering around the battle there in the fourteenth century C.E. <h4><a name="balt">Baltic</a></h4> <li>An abstract from Prane Dunduliene's <a href="http://nemunas.ktu.lt/litinfo/religion.html">Ancient Lithuanian Mythology and Religion</a> <li>Marija Kuncaitis presents <a href="http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/3503/" target="_top">Pagan Lithuania, Folk Beliefs and Its History</a> which includes translations of the tales <i>Egle, Queen of Serpents</i>, and <i>The Old Man and the Devil</i> as well as a general lecture on Lithuanian Paganism. <li>A collection of Baltic (primarily Lithuanian) legends and tales as well as a listing of Baltic deities and their attributes are among the features at <a href="http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/2810" target="_top">Sacred Sepent -Journal of Baltic Tradition</a>. <li>Kristaps Johnson's <a href="http://pagan.drak.net/wwcrew/" target="_top">Ancient Latvian Paganism and Mythology</a> describes the deities of the Latvian pantheon as well as religous festivals on his seachable site. </ul> <h2><a name="romania">Romanian</a></h2> <li>Ray Porter has written an article on <a href="http://www.nat.vu.nl/~radu/vlad.html" target="_top">Vlad Tepes</a> the historical Dracula. <h2><a name="albania">Albanian</a></h2> <li>Kreshnik Bejko presents <a href="http://www.geocities.com/Athens/3629/" target="_top">The Home of the Albanian Kreshniks</a> - a page dealing with Albanian Folklore. <h2><a name="celt">British and Celtic</a></h2> <ul> <h4><a name="pict">Pictish</a></h4> <li>Before the Celts came from the continent, before the Scotti came over from Ireland, the Picts inhabited what is now Scotland. Catriona Fraser presents <a href="http://members.tripod.com/~Halfmoon/">Pictish Nation</a> which descibes the history and legends of these people in a fair amount of detail for an online document. The legend of Tristan and Iseult is said to have Pictish origins. <h4><a name="celtic">Miscellaneous Celtic</a></h4> <li><a href="http://www.belinus.co.uk/folklore/Homeextra.htm" target="_top">Celtic Folklore</a>, compiled by Phillip J. Brown contains a wealth of Celtic myths and folktales. Here are included Lady Augusta Gregory's works on the Irish cycles of myths as well as collections of Fairy Tales and Folk stories by Crocker, Jacobs, Curtin, Rolleston, Sikes, and Evans-Wentz. Manx, Orkney, Cornish, and Somerset Folklore also have their own sections at this site. <li><a href="http://www.lugodoc.demon.co.uk/myth/myth01.htm" target="_top">Lugodoc's Guide to Celtic Mythology</a> tells a condensed version of Irish and Welsh mythology, summarizing the Irish mythological, Ulster, Fennian and Historical cycles and the Welsh Mabinogion. <LI><a href="http://www.dalriada.co.uk/Archives/myth.htm">Dalriada Celtic Heritage Society</a> - for Irish and Scottish culture, myths, and folklore. (Broken Link 2/19/02) <LI> <a href="http://sunsite.unc.edu//gaelic/gaelic.html">Gaelic</a> languages, culture, and life. <li>Knud Mariboe's <a href="http://www.ealaghol.demon.co.uk/celtenc/celt_ind.htm">The Encyclopedia of the Celts</a> contains entries from myth, legend, literature and history. <li>The Rampant Lion presents anumber of dictionary like entries on <a href="http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/6779/god.html" target="_top">The Gods & Goddesses of the Indo-Europeans</a> - which really is about the deities of the Celts, with a few Roman deities thrown in for good measure. (Broken Link 2/19/02) <LI> Jenny Sposito has <a href="http://nature.berkeley.edu/~gsposito/celtic.html">Celtic</a> and <a href="http://nature.berkeley.edu/~gsposito/arthur.html">Arthurian</a> pages. (Broken Link 2/19/02) <li>Lars Nooden presents a paper entitled <a href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~lars/rel375.html">Animal Symbolism in Celtic Mythology</a> <li>Leigh Ann Hussey's essay, <a href="http://www.elfhill.com/leighann/writings/brigid.html" target="_top">Lady of the Depths: Primal Goddess of Celtic Shamanism</a>, draws parallels between the Lady of the Lake found in Arthurian literature and with the Irish goddess Brigit and the Welsh goddess Ceridwen. She also discusses their association with wells and cauldrons. <li>Allen Wright (Puck) has developed his <a href="http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/4198/" target="_top">Pook's Hill</a> site around the deeds of the English faerie, Robin Goodfellow, aka Puck. <li>Chris Thurtle maintains <a href="http://www.geocities.com/Vienna/2662/library.html" target="_top">The Bard's Rest Library</a> which includes one tale each from England, Ireland, and Wales, as well as information on Bards and medieval instruments. <h4><a name="irish">Irish</a></h4> <li>Anniina Jokinen presents an enormous collection of links to <a href="http://www.luminarium.org/mythology/ireland/">Irish Literature, Mythology, Folkore, and Drama</a> <li><a href="http://www.atlanticisland.ie/atlanticisland/arts/flatoz.html" target="_top">A to Z of Ancient Ireland</a>, based on Conan Kennedy's <i>Ancient Ireland - The User's Guide</i>, contains a number of paragraph length descriptions of Irish deities and myth-oriented places. (Broken Link 2/19/02) <li>Here is Kaeltha & Eric's <a href="http://perso.club-internet.fr/yesss/f_glossary.htm" target="_top">Little Glossary of Irish Mythology</a>, briefly describing characters therin. <li><a href="http://members.aol.com/lochlan2/lebor.htm" target="_top"><i>Lebor Gabala Erren</i></a>, aka, <i>The Book of Leinster</i>, aka, <i>The Book of Invasions</i>, written in 1150 C.E., traces the history of the inhabitants of Ireland from predecessors in Genesis. This work includes the coming of Cessair, Nemed, Parthalon, the Fir Bolg, and the Tuatha De Danaan. <li>Here is concisely presented the mythic <a href="http://www.serve.com/AOHD17/irishhist.html">History of the Irish Race</a> from the Milesians to the Tuatha De Danann and links to take you beyond. (Broken Link 2/19/02) <li>Anthony Murphy's <a href="http://www.geocities.com/mythical_ireland/mythology/index.html" target="_top">Mythical Ireland</a> recounts tales of the Dindshenchas, the Tuatha De Danann and the Ulster Cycle. <li>Lady Augusta Gregory retells <a href=" http://mockingbird.creighton.edu/english/micsun/IrishResources/childlir.htm"> The Fate of the Children of Lir</a>. <LI> This synopsis of <a href="http://www.paddy.net/island/mythology.html" target="_top">Irish Mythology</a> is courtesy of <a href="http://www.paddy.net/hotel_cgi/porter.cgi?submit=init">Paddynet</a>. (Broken Link 2/19/02) <li>Ireland Castles to Shamrocks recounts the <a href="http://castlestoshamrocks.com/myths.html" target="_top">Myths and Legends of Ireland</a> from the Tuatha de Danaan to St. Patrick & St. Bridgit. Click on the "Ireland's Myths" link in the upper frame to get there. <li>On the same site, Patrick Brown reminds us that there is more to <a href="http://ireland-now.com/ulstercycle" target="_top">The Ulster Cycle</a> than the <i>Tain Bo Cualnge</i>, in fact, there are about eighty stories of Cuchulain and his countrymen which Patrick has made a good start on sumarazing and paraphrasing. (Broken Link 2/19/02) <li> From the Ulster cycle, it's <a href="http://vassun.vassar.edu/~sttaylor/MacDatho/" target="_top"> The Story of MacDatho's Pig</a>. Steve Taylor's site also contains a character glossary/index and a collection of links to related sites. <li>Also found on Steve Taylor's pages is the culmination of the Ulster cycle, the <a href="http://vassun.vassar.edu/~sttaylor/Cooley/" target="_top"><i>Tain Bo Cualnge</i></a>, (The Cooley Cattle-raid). It is Cuchulain of Muirthemne's triumph and tragedy, here translated by L. Winifred Faraday. <li>Crystal Miller's <a href="http://www.witchhaven.com/shadowdrake/lore.html">Celtic Myth and Lore</a> page contains a number of tales of the Fianna and some other Irish legends. (Broken Link 2/19/02) <li>Richard Marsh's <a href="http://www.legendarytours.com">Legendary Tours</a> in addition to promoting their services recounts some Irish legends, broken down by region of origin. He also has sections relating to Basque and Galician legends. <li> Tony and Suzy's <a href="http://tesla.csuhayward.edu/sacredplaces/eltic.html" target="_top">Celtic Tales and Epic Journeys</a> presents Irish folklore and tales, organized geographically. <li>William Butler Yeats wrote many poems and short stories which retold or recast Irish legends, including <a href="http://ftp.std.com/obi/William.Butler.Yeats/Yeats/CuchulansFight"> Cuchulain's Fight Against the Sea</a> <h4><a name="welsh">Welsh</a></h4> <li>Lady Charlotte Guest's 1848 translation of <i>The Mabinogion</i> is that which Thomas Bulfinch sumarized in <i>The Age of Chivalry</i>. It is a collection of tales containing Celtic myth, pseudo-historical romance, and Arthurian legend with resonances of Chretien de Troyes. While doubtlessly derived from pre-twelfth centrury oral antecedants, the earliest written fragments of these tales date to the thirteenth century with more complete versions appearing in <i>The White Book of Rhydderch</i> (1325) and <i>The Red Book of Hergest</i> (1400). This is where to find tales of Pwyll, Arwan, Annwvyn, Math, Rhiannon, and cauldrons which raise the dead. (Broken Link 10/10/00) <li>Another copy of Guest's translation of <a href="http://www.probbs.com/mabinogion/MabHome.htm" target="_top">Y Mabinogion</a> can be found here. Both copies of Guest's translation include the story of Taliesin, which is often seen as falling outside of the collection. (Broken Link 10/10/00) <li> Rod Thorn's (Saros) <a href="http://www.ynysprydein.org/myth/">British Mythology</a> page focuses on the Welsh Mabinogi. <b><i><color=red>Restored!</color></i></b> 2/10/02 <li> Dave D. retells the Pwyll stories from the Mabinogeon as well as the stories of "The Changeling of Llanfabon" and "The Green Lady of Caerphilly Castle" in <a href="http://snowcrash.cymru.net/~nwi/cfarwydd.htm">Cfarwydd</a> (Broken Link 2/19/02) <li>Rhiannon Kerins also retells the Pwyll stories after giving a history of and introduction to <a href="http://www.crosslink.net/~rhiannon/mabinogi.html" target="_top">The Mabinogion</a>. <li>Cougar Trading Post hosts excerpts from Charles Squire's <a href="http://www.cougartracks.com/m&lceltic.htm" target="_top"><i>Celtic Myth and Legend</i></a>, which retell tales from the Mabinogion. (Broken Link 2/19/02) <h4><a name="cornish">Cornish</a></h4> <li>Bill Rowe's page on <a href="http://www.gandolf.com/cornwall/index.shtml">Cornish Folklore</a> contains stories of faeries, <i>Jack the Giant Killer</i>, and other legends among other things. <h4><a name="scott">Scottish</a></h4> <li> Scotts <a href="http://www.tartans.com/culture.html" target="_top">Gaelic Culture</a>. Among other things, this page includes essays on religion, heroes, legends, and folklore. This includes information on brownies and faeries and the tales of the Sons of the North Wind and of Thomas the Rhymer. <li> From the on-line zine Thirteen comes this feature on Scottish <a href="http://www.presence.co.uk/localweb/homemag/thirteen/3/myth.html" target="_top">Myth and Legend</a> which includes stories of the King of the Fairies, the Brownies, Prince Ian, and the Black bull of Norroway. (Broken Link 2/19/02) <li><a href="http://www.cyberportal.net/pmather/wicca/tamlin.html" target="_top">Young Tam Lin</a> had a run in with the Faerie Queen in this ballad. Also recounted at this site is the Welsh, Pwyll story from the Mabinogion, with some interpretation at the end. (Broken Link 2/19/02) <li> Jason Webb retells the tale of <a href="http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/csx1jw/talltales/story.htm">Angus McDougal</a> for Tall Tales on the Web, a storytelling society. <li><a href="http://www.orkneyjar.com/folklore/index.html" target="_top">The Lore of the Orkney Islands</a> collects a number of essays and stories about odd things from the land to the sea. From the hogboon to selkies, vanishing islands to ghosts, there is a lot of variety at this site. <h4><a name="breton">Breton</a></h4> <li> <a href="http://users.ox.ac.uk/~anat0010/malcom/">The Other Side</a> features ghost stories and Breton folktales. (Broken Link 2/19/02) <li>Eric Kemper's <a href="http://www.bagadoo.tm.fr/kemper/legendes_E.html" target="_top">Tales</a> pages tell of the Kingdom of Ys and Arthur in Breton among other tales. This page is in English and French. (Broken Link 2/19/02) <h4><a name="numbr">Northumbrian</a></h4> <li>Ned Ramm presents some pages on the <a href="http://www.eramm.ukgateway.net/ndtop.htm">History, Legends and Flags of Northumbria</a>. <li>Philip Atkinson's collection of <a href="http://www.pacificcoast.net/~patkinson/folk.htm" target="_top">Northumbrian Folk Tales</a> include a number of stories such as The Witch of Seaton Delaval, The Lambton Worm, and The Stanhope Faeries. <h4><a name="saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a></h4> <LI> Translated from the Old English by Francis B. Gummere, <A HREF= "http://wiretap.area.com/Gopher/Library/Classic/beowulf.txt" TITLE=Beowulf>Beowulf</A> was probably composed around 750 AD in Northumbria, although some of the events it mentions occured over 200 years earlier on the continent and features the titled hero's contests with Grendel, his mother the troll-wife, and a dragon. <li><a href="http://www.n-aycliffe.freeserve.co.uk/page6.htm" target="_top">Durham Myths and Legends</a> recounts the tale of the Lampton Worm on this site concerning the town of Durham in northern England. (Broken Link 2/19/02) <h4><a name="arthur">Arthurian</a></h4> <li>The Britannia Internet Magazine's <a href="http://www.britannia.com/history/artpage.html" target="_top">King Arthur Site</a> is enormous and features loads of essays on the subject including some on <a href="http://www.britannia.com/history/h12.html" target="_top">King Arthur and Early British Kingdoms</a>. <li>Alas, Chris Thornborrow's Avalon is no more - however his <a href="http://arthurpendragon.ukonline.co.uk/artfaq.html" target="_top">Arthurian FAQ</a> and an essay of his entitled <a href="http://www.byu.edu/ipt/projects/middleages/Arthur/grail.html" target="_top">An Introduction to Current Theories about The Holy Grail</a> survive. <li>Jason Godesky's <a href="http://www.geocities.com/~gkingdom/saxonshore/" target="_top">The Saxon Shore</a> includes a etexts of Arthurian literature as well as historical essays and a number of well annotated links. (Broken Link 2/19/02) <li>Judy Shoaf is the current moderator of <a href="http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/jshoaf/Arthurnet.htm" target="_top">Arthurnet</a>, an Arthurian mailing list. This page maintains a number of suitable links. <li>The <a href="http://lists.mun.ca/archives/arthurnet.html" target="_top">Archives of Arthurnet</a> are maintained at this site. <LI> <A HREF="http://users.ox.ac.uk/~arthsoc/">Oxford Arthurian Society</A> <li>Thomas Green's <a href="http://www.arthuriana.co.uk/" target="_top">Arthurian Resources</a> contains a number of erudite essays on the History of Arthur, the characters, the places, and the literature among other things. <li><a href="http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jjd23/" target="_top">John J. Doherty</a> also maintains a listing of Arthurian resources both online and off, as well as an essay on recent Arthurian related fantasy. <li>Andrew Gorgi's <a href="http://members.aol.com/pendraco/arttrad.html" target="_top">The Arthurian Tradition</a> contains a number of brief essays exploring the major themes and history of Arthur in literature and legend. <li><a href="http://www.celtic-twilight.com/" target="_top">Celtic Twilight</a> is an excellent site on the Matter of Britain. It includes an infopedia of Arthurian characters and a collection of translations of the major Arthurian works, including Lady Charlotte Guest's translation of the Welsh <i>Mabinogion</i>. <li><a href="http://www.britannia.com/history/docs/document.html">Sources of British History</a> excerpts from many early documents relating to Arthur including: <ul> <li><a href="http://www.britannia.com/history/docs/gildas.html">Gildas</a> a 6th century monk who mentions Aurellius Ambrosius and the battle at Badon. <li>Jordanes' <a href="http://www.britannia.com/history/docs/jordanes.html">Gothic History</a> a sixth century work which describes a battle led by Riothamus, who may have been the historical King Arthur. <li><a href="http://www.britannia.com/history/docs/llngbrth.html">Elegy for Geraint</a>, a sixth century Welsh poem, here in translation presents its subject as dying among Arthur's heroes. <li>The ninth century Welsh historian, Nennius authored some of the earlier written references to Arthur in his <a href="http://www.britannia.com/history/docs/nennius.html">Historia Brittonum</a> <li>The <a href="http://www.britannia.com/history/docs/annales.html">Annales Cambriae</a> - written in Wales circa 970, this text mentiones Arthur at Badon and Arthur's and Mordred's (Medraut's) deaths. </ul> <li> Under the patronage of Marie de Champagne from 1159 to 1191, Chretien de Troyes composed the some of the earliest Arthurian romances. His first work, <a href="http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/Erec/" target="_top">Eric and Enide</a> was proably written in 1169. It corresponds to the Welsh tale of <i>Gereint and Enid</i>, found in the <i>Mabinogion</i>. <li>Chretien's second work, <a href="http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/Cliges" target="_top">Cliges</a>, dates to 1176. <li>His <a href="http://www.princeton.edu/~lancelot/">La Chevalier de la Charrette</a> is the earliest written work about Lancelot, composed in the late 1170's or 1180. <li>Chretien's <a href="http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/Yvain/">The Knight with the Lion</a> was probably written at the same time as or shortly after La Chevalier de la Charrette and focuses on the deeds of Yvain. This story closely parallels that of <i>Owein, or the Countess of the Fountain</i> from the Welsh <i>Mabinogion</i>. <li> Layamon's <a href= "http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgibin/toccer?id=LayBruC&tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/lv1/Archive/mideng-parsed&part=0"> Brut</a> was written around 1200 AD, drawing heavily from the tradition of Geoffrey of Monmouth and Wace. <li><a href="http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/Graal/" target="_top">The High History of the Holy Graal</a> is one of a number of continuations of Cretien's <i>The Story of the Grail, (Percival)</i>. This one was composed in the early 1200's. <LI> <a href= "http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgibin/toccer?id=AnoGawa&tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/lv1/Archive/mideng-parsed&part=0"> Gawain and the Green Knight</a> by the anonymous author of <i>The Pearl</i>, this work was written around 1370 in West Midland Middle English. <li> The Alliterative <a href= "http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgibin/toccer?id=AnoMort&tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/lv1/Archive/mideng-parsed&part=0"> Morte Arthure</a> was written around 1400 AD, making use of the ending section of the French Prose Lancelot-Grail Cycle, 'Le Mort le Roi Artu'. <LI>In the late 15th century, Sir Thomas Malory composed what is probably the definitive work of Arthurian literature based on several sources, including the French prose Lancelot. In 1485, it was published after having a good deal of editting done by William Caxton under the title <A HREF= "http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgibin/browse-mixed?id=Mal1Mor&tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/lv1/Archive/eng-parsed"> Le Morte D'Arthur</A>(large file). Also found at Virginia is the <A HREF= "http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgibin/browse-mixed?id=Mal2Mor&tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/lv1/Archive/eng-parsed"> second volume</A> (large file) of that work. <li> The library at the University of Rochester maintains a large variety of Arthurian texts at their <a href="http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/cphome.stm">Camelot Project</a> <li>Alfred, Lord Tennyson published his poetic novel, <i>The Idylls of the King</i> in 1859. <a href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed-new?id=TenLanc&tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed" target="_top">Lancelot and Elaine</a> is one episode from that work. <li>In the late ninteenth century, Richard Wagner composed his opera <a href="http://home.c2i.net/monsalvat/indexie4.htm">Parzival</a> based heavily on Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parsifal, a thirteenth century work, which in turn draws on Chretien de Troyes' Percival (1187) and centers on that knight's quest for the Sangraal. <LI>The <a href="http://www.io.com/~tittle/books/arthurian.html"> Arthurian Booklist</a> grown from the old Camelot mailing list and maintained by Cindy Tittle Moore. <li> Tyagi Nagasiva's <a href="ftp://ftp.hollyfeld.org/pub/Esoteric/Usenet/Mythology/">Merlin Archive</a> via ftp. (Broken Link 2/19/02) <li> Adam Levin's thesis on <a href="http://www.westnet.com/~levins/thesis.html" target="_top">The Death of King Arthur</a> in history and literature. <LI> <A HREF="news:alt.legend.king-arthur">alt.legend.king-arthur</A> <h4><a name="robin">Robin Hood</a></h4> <li>You've got to love the University of Rochester. In the same vein as their Camelot collection listed above, is the <a href="http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/rh/rhhome.stm">Robin Hood Project</a> - a huge text archive of early works on Prince John's bane as well as a collection of artwork featuring that character. <LI> Sir Walter Scott's work <A HREF="http://wiretap.area.com/Gopher/Library/Classic/ivanhoe.ws" TITLE=Scott: Ivanhoe>Ivanhoe</A> has Robin as a feature character. <li> Allen Wright (Puck) has put together his own <a href="http://www.geocities.com/puckrobin/rh/" target="_top">Robin Hood site</a>. It has a great deal of information about the history of the outlaw of Sherwood, as well as a bunch of links to other Robin Hood sites and some historical information about Nottingham castle. <li><a href="http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Atlantis/8943/robin.html" target="_top">A Little Tale of Robin Hood</a> translated by Graham McLennan is perhaps the earliest Robin Hood tale. This includes a number of notes and brief articles about the historical context of Robin Hood embededded within the tale. <LI>Another exhaustive list which Cindy Tittle Moore maintains is the <a href="http://www.io.com/~tittle/books/robin-hood.html">Robin Hood booklist</a>. </ul> <h2><a name="frank">Frankish, French and Carolingian</a></h2> <ul> <li> The Matter of France begins with <a href="http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/Roland/">The Song of Roland</a>, here translated by Charles Scott Mancrief. <li>By the early renaissance, the Italians had picked up the story of Charlemagne's peers. Matteo Maria Boiardo's <a href="http://world.std.com/~alexx/orlin.html" target="_top"><i>Orlando Innamorato</i></a>, i.e. Orlando in Love, was first published in 1482 or 1483. This copy is only partially translated. <li>Boiardo left the story unfinished at his death, so Ludovico Ariosto continued the story in <a href="http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/Orlando/" target="_top"><i>Orlando Furioso</i></a>, i.e. Orlando, Mad. <li>see also the <a href="#breton">Breton</a> section. </ul> <h2><a name="spanish">Spanish</a></h2> <ul> <LI> Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, aka <a href="http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/Cid/">El Cid</a> was a Spanish <i>infanzon</i> (baronet), who was put into exile twice over politics in the late 1000's. While in exile, he fought for the Moorish Emir Mu'taman of Saragossa and his exploits became legend with the above romanticized poem being written around 1201-1207. <LI> Well, it's not really a legend but I'll put it here anyway Miguel de Cervantes's <a href="ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext97/1donq10.txt" target="_top"><i>Don Quixote</i></a> (1615) goes tilting at windmills along with Sancho Panza - here translated by John Ormsby. </ul> <h2><a name="basque">Basque</a></h2> <ul> <li>Blas Uberuaga's <a href="http://students.washington.edu/buber/Basque/Folklore/folk1.html" target="_top">Basque Myths and Legends</a> page is taken from a 1993 article by Angel Murua and lies on Blas' extensive Basque page. <li>Also on Blas' site is Jon Aske's translation of <a href="http://students.washington.edu/buber/Basque/Folklore/olentzero.html" target="_top">Olentzero - Everything that has aname exists</a>, which tells a story of a fairy, some Prakagorris, and a human. <li>Inaki Agirre's <a href="http://www.angelfire.com/tx/txoko" target="_top">Euskal alegiazko izadia</a> is an introduction to a number of Basque mythic characters - primarily in Basque, but with English and Spanish translation links. </ul> <h2><a name="amerind">Native American</a></h2> <ul> <h4><a name="amergen">General</a></h4> <li>Glen Welker's <a href="http://members.xoom.com/_XOOM/IndigLit/natlit.htm">Indigenous Peoples' Literature</a> page. While its strength is in its info from the cultures of what is now Mexico and the southwestern U.S., this page has links to a wealth of literature from all over the Americas and the world. <li><a href="http://www.nativeweb.org/" target="_top">Nativeweb</a> keeps a <a href="http://www.nativeweb.org/resources/arts_humanities/literature/short_stories_traditional/" target="_top">Index of Native American Short Stories Online</a>. <li>Broken down by region, these <a href="http://indy4.fdl.cc.mn.us/~isk/stories/myths.html">Myths and Legends for American Indian Youth</a> are an extensive list with descriptions of tales from throughout North America. <li>A new tale from a Native American group appears at <a href="http://www.ilhawaii.net/~stony/">StonE's Weblodge</a> every month. Old tales are archived here as well. <li>Washington State's World cultures project collects a few creation and death naratives in their <a href="http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/NAANTH/NAREAD.HTM" target="_top">Native American Anthology Reader</a>. <li>The Canadian Museum of Civilization presents a collection of stories from the Algonquin, Abenaki, Inuvialuit, Metis-Cree, Mi'kmaq, and Nisga'a peoples in its exhibition - <a href="http://www.cmcc.muse.digital.ca/membrs/fph/storytel/introeng.html" target="_top">Storytelling: the Art of Knowledge</a>. <li>Kathryn Gabriel's <a href="http://www.nmia.com/~kgabriel/myths.html">Indian Gaming Mythology</a> sketches myths involving gambling from tribes across North America as an introduction and teaser to her book, <i>Gambler Way</i>. <li>Adrienne Mayor links a handful of legends to our petrified predecessors in <a href="http://hometown.aol.com/afmayor/myhomepage/writing.html" target="_top">Fossil Legends in America, 1540 to the Present</a>. <h4><a name="southam">South American</a></h4> <li>Margaritta Barretto and Dr. Joaquin A. Barrio have put together a dictionary of South American <a href="http://www.naya.org.ar/diccionario/index.htm" target="_top">Mitos y Leyendas</a> en Espanol for the e-zine <i>Noticias de Antropologia y Arqueologia</i>. <li>The <a href="http://arcturus.pomona.edu/andes/inca.orig.html" target = "_top">Origin of the Inca People</a> tells just that. <li><a href="http://www.geocities.com/Athens/6928/mitos2.html">Mythological Chiloe Island</a> presents legends from this island off the coast of Chile. Most of this site is in Spanish. <li>Two <a href="http://www.ncsu.edu/midlink/fall98/argentina.htm" target="_top">Legends of the Pampa Indians</a> involving people being transformed into plants are retold here by middle schoolers from Argentina and Hawaii. <li>Based on Dionisio Gonzalez Torres's <i>Folklore del Paraguay</i> this site tells of <a href="http://merece.uthscsa.edu/gram/guarani/mythology-eng.html" target="_top">Guaraní Creation and Mythology</a>. This is both in English and en espanol. <li>Sheila Thomson maintains some brief descriptions and illustrations of <a href="http://www.maria-brazil.org/myths.htm" target="_top">Brazilian Folklore: Myths and Fantastic Creatures</a> on the Maria-Brazil site. Also connected from here is a page on Brazilian music & folklore. <h4><a name="centralam">Central American</a></h4> <ul> <h4><a name="mayan">Mayan</a></h4> <li>Princeton High School ninth graders have researched the <a href="http://www.prs.k12.nj.us/Schools/PHS/English_Dept/English_I/1995/myth-research2.html">Mayan Creation Story</a> <li><a href="http://www.folkart.com/~latitude/folktale/folktale.htm"> Mayan Folktales</a> told by don Pedro Miguel Say and translated by Fernandon Pe-alosa. <li><a href="http://indy4.fdl.cc.mn.us/~isk/maya/mayastor.html">Maya Stories</a> excerpted from <i>Tales and Legends of the Q'anjob'al Maya</i> present legends from the Maya of Quatamala. <li>This site gives brief information on some of the <a href="http://www.op.net/~uarts/munoz/the_gods.html">Mayan Gods</a>. </ul><ul> <h4><a name="aztec">Aztec</a></h4> <li>Part of Glen Welker's site mentioned above concerns the <a href="http://www.indians.org/welker/mexmain1.htm">Indigenous People of Mexico</a> and relates some of the legends of the Aztecs. <li>Wes Dunn tells of <a href="http://arcturus.pomona.edu/nmexico/aztec.univ.html" target="_top">The Formation and Structure of the Aztec Universe</a> and <a href="http://arcturus.pomona.edu/nmexico/aztecmyth.html">The Myth of the Fifth Sun</a>. <li>John Bierhorst comments and translates <i>The Codex Chimalpopoa</i> from Nahuatl in his book <a href="http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/samples/sam43.htm" target="_top">History and Mythology of the Aztecs</a> published by the University of Arizona. This excerpt details the creation account known as the Legend of the Suns. <li>Daniel Larsen presents Spence's retelling of the Aztec folktale, <a href="http://arcturus.pomona.edu/nmexico/aztec.folktale.html" target="_top">The Queen with One Hundred Lovers</a>. </ul> <h4><a name="swam">Southwest</a></h4> <li>Al Mandell and The Pyramid Lake Paiute tribe present a tale of Stone Mother and <a href="http://thecity.sfsu.edu/~mandell/story.html"> Origin of Man</a>. <li><a href="http://www.infomagic.com/~abyte/hopi/messages/">The Hopi Information Network</a> presents several Hopi stories. <li>This excerpt of Harry C. James's <a href="http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/samples/sam225.htm" target="_top">Pages from Hopi History</a>, tells of the Hurung Whuti's creation of the world. <li>Bruce Railsback presents the Hopi story of creation in an excerpt from his book <i>Creation Stories From Around the World</i>. He also collects links to other sites containing creation stories on <a href="http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback_stories.html" target="_top">Creation Stories as a response to creationism</a>. <li>G. M. Mullet tells the Hopi tale of <a href="http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/samples/sam324.htm" target="_top">The Children and the Hummingbird</a> in this sample from her collection <i>Spider Woman Stories</i>. <li>Anna Moore Shaw tells <a href="http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/samples/sam423.htm" target="_top">The Legend of Eagleman</a> in this excerpt from her book <i>Pima Indian Legends</i>. <li>Ruth Warner Giddings recounts the tales of "The Ku Bird" and "The Walking Stone" in these excerpts from her book <a href="http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/samples/sam161.htm" target="_top">Yaqui Myths and Legends</a> published by University of Arizona Press. <li>Frank Hamilton Cushing retells "The Coyote and the Locust" as an excerpt from his book <a href="http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/samples/sam1161.htm" target="_top">Zuni Coyote Tales</a> published by University of Arizona Press. <h4><a name="plains">Great Plains</a></h4> <li>Marie L. McLaughlin collected <a href= "http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new?id=MclMyth&tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&part=0" target="_top">Myths and Legends of the Sioux</a> completing her collection around 1913. <LI><a href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgibin/browse-mixed?id=ZitLege&tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed">Old Indian Legends</a> of Iktomi, Iya, and others; from the Dakotas, retold by Zitkata-Sa. <li>Paula Giese retells the Lakota story of how <a href="http://indy4.fdl.cc.mn.us/~isk/arvol/buffpipe.html" target="_top">"White Buffalo Calf Woman Brings First Pipe"</a> based on the version by Joseph Chasing Horse. <li>Richard L. Dieterle has compiled <a href="http://members.xoom.com/diete003/" target="_top">The Short Encyclopaedia of Hotcâk Myth, Legend, and Folklore</a>. In addition to containing a number of articles on the subject, Dieterle retells dozens of Hotcâk (Winnebago) stories. The Hotcâgara are from the central and southern portions of what is now eastern Wisconsin. <li>Lady Pixel presents this page on <a href="http://www.ocbtracker.com/ladypixel/legend.html" target="_top">Native American Legends, Folk Tales and Stories</a>, which currently features tales from the Siksikawa (Blackfeet) and Kiowa tribes. <h4><a name="nwam">Northwest</a></h4> <li>Ellen Furlong Cripsen recounts the Umpqua story of <a href="http://www.cowcreek-umpqua.nsn.us/story/x05myths/index.html" target="_top">The Mountain with a Hole in the Top</a> about the volcano at Crater Lake, Oregon. <li><a href="http://www.hooked.net/~kylemi/bigfoot/legends.html">Bigfoot Legends</a> gathered from Native American sources. <li>Cougar Trading Post collects a small number of Chinook and Tillamook <a href="http://www.cougartracks.com/m&lna.htm" target="_top">Native American Myths and Legends</a>. <li>Amy Lowell retells the story of <a href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed-new?id=LowMany&tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed" target="_top">Many Swans: Sun Myth of the North American Indians</a> based on the Kathlamet legend, in a journal article from 1920. <li><a href="http://www.ecochallenge.com/race/britCol/folk/folk.html" target="_top">The Kathlamet Tale of Creation</a> is retold in brief as part of a page for the 1996 British Columbia Eco-Challenge race. <li><a href="http://www.terminal.cz/raven/mythology.html" target="_top">Raven Mythology</a> collects a handful of legends involving Raven, including three creation stories. Most of these hail from northwest and sub-arctic groups. <li>This site on on Alaskan & Pacific Northwest art tells the Tlingit tale of <a href="http://www.northwest-art.com/PAGELegends.htm" target="_top">Natsilane and the Killer Whale</a> <li>The <a href="http://www.uidaho.edu/~ivie9341/tl_Nav4.html" target="_top">Tlingit Culure</a> page includes four tales of Tlingit legend. <h4><a name="neam">Northeast</a></h4> <li>In 1898, Simon Pokagon, an Algonquin from Michigan, set down some <a href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed-new?id=PokSupe&tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed" target="_top">Indian Superstitions and Legends</a>. <li><a href="http://www.menominee.com/tales/home.htm">The Menomini Indians</a> are native to what is now Northeastern Wisconsin. Their language is from the Algonquin family. Here are collected seven tales. <li>The Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) are the six nations of Seneca, Cayuga, Onodaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and Tuscorora - mostly located in what is now New York and Pennsylvania. Their home page's culture section reflects current religious beliefs and answers the question <a href="http://sixnations.buffnet.net/Culture/?article=creation" target="_top">What is the Haudenosaunee Concept of Creation?</a> <li>The Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) <a href="http://www.prairienet.org/fordiroq/legend.htm">Legend of Onarga</a> <li>The Lightning Valley Village storyteller tells over a dozen <a href="http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Aegean/4984/story.html">Lenape Stories</a> (Broken Link 10/10/00) <li>Jason Belanger presents a collection of <a href="http://www.capitalnet.com/~jason/content/legends.html" target="_top">Mi'kMaq Legends</a>and corresponding images from tapestries, both written and designed by Michael Francis. Many of these tales feature Glooscap. <h4><a name="seam">Southeast</a></h4> <li>Snowbird (Wicked) has collected a number of <a href="http://snowbird.virtualave.net/stories.html" target="_top">Tsalagi Myths and Legends</a> among her pages on Tsalagi (Cherokee) culture. <li>The Cherokee Messenger provides James Mooney's telling of the <a href="http://www.powersource.com/powersource/cherokee/origin.html" target="_top">Origin of Disease and Medicine</a>. This tells of the grievances of animals against man and the Plants' alliance with man. <li>J. C. High Eagle tells the Cherokee <a href="http://www.ghgcorp.com/higheagl/2webtale.htm" target="_top">Tale of the Rooster's Tail</a> - a story of dancing, pride, and astronomical objects. <li>Ken Masters's <a href="http://www.cherokeeimages.com" target="_top">Cherokee Images</a> site opens with a story of how Old Woman Spider (A-ga-yv-li-ge) developed the first piece of pottery. <li>Cherokees of California present a collection of eleven tales of <a href="http://www.powersource.com/powersource/cocinc/articles/default.htm" target="_top">Cherokees Mythology</a>. <li>George Lankford recounts this Creek story of <a href="http://www.uga.edu/~toli/flying.html" target="_top">Flying Rats</a> - a tale of a ball game between bats and birds. <h4><a name="arctic">Arctic and Sub-Arctic</a></h4> <li>Angayuqaq Oscar Kawagley presents <a href="http://borealis.lib.uconn.edu/ArcticCircle/HistoryCulture/kawagley.html" target="_top">Yupiaq Education Revisited</a>, a page which includes information on the traditional beliefs and myths of the Yupiaq Eskimos, including a tale of the "Two Brothers". <li><a href="http://www.innu.ca/culture.html" target="_top">Information about Innu History and Culture</a> includes several stories. </ul> <h2><a name="africa">African</a> (excluding Egypt)</h2> <ul> <h4>African: General</h4> <li>Because of their close cultural association with the Near East, I have included my links to <a href="#egypt">Egyptian Mythology sites</a> in the Ancient Near East section of this page. Some of those pages may also detail Nubian deities. <li>Bill Parades-Holt's world literature course pages include an essay on <a href="http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~bill/316/demo/ex1.html">African Mythology</a> which draws from sources scattered about the continent. <li>The Honors class on <a href="http://www.tcnj.edu/~afamstud/diaspora/" target="_top">Religious Traditions of the African Diaspora</a> at the College of New Jersey, provides a great deal of information including retelling creation stories and describing religious traditions from across the continent. <li>This page is primarily an advertisement for Clyde Ford's book <a href="http://fp.premier1.net/cwford" target="_top">The Hero with an African Face</a>, however it does contain some excerpts and links which deal with African legends - particularly in the fourth excerpt. <li>Pomona's Ancient Cosmology site discusses <a href="http://arcturus.pomona.edu/africa/africa2.html" target="_top">African Cosmology and Mythology</a> in this brief article highlighting Mande and Dogon ideas. <li>Samantha Martin's <a href="http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Olympus/2208/" target="_top">African Myths and Legends</a> describes the cultures of the Khwai (Bushmen) and Khoi-Khoi (Hottentots) as well as describing their legends and folklore. She intends to expand her page to cover more than these southern African groups. <li>AfricaQuest presents a journal of <a href="http://quest.classroom.com/archive/africaquest1998/start/pg00545.htm" target="_top">Myths and Legends</a> gathered in Kenya and Tanzania over a seven week period, at a rate of one per week. <h4><a name="ashanti">Ashanti</a></h4> <li>Cuisenaire presents the Ghanan tale of <a href="http://www.cuisenaire-dsp.com/kid_anan_st.html" target="_top">Anansi and the Sky God's Daughter</a> as part of an activity for first and second graders. <h4><a name="yoruba">Yoruba</a></h4> <li><a href="http://www.fa.indiana.edu/~conner/yoruba/cut.html">Cutting to the Essence</a> an art exhibit covering the religion and mythology of the Yoruba people, a culture primarily from southwestern Nigeria and Benin. <li>Perhaps more properly considered a religion page than a mythology page, <a href="http://www.artnet.net/~ifa/">Ijo Orunmila</a> describes the Cosmology and Creation story of the Yoruba and also includes related stories and prayers. <li>Paul Aclinou presents <a href="http://perso.wanadoo.fr/paul.g.aclinou/" target="_top">Thinking and its Objet - Gods and Men</a>, which is a series of pages on Yoruba deities and legends, in both French and English (with a German version in the works). <h4><a name="ewe">Ewe/Fon</a></h4> <li>Mamaissi Dansi Hounon "Vivi" presents an article entitled <a href="http://spiritnetwork.com/mamisii/vodoun.html" target="_top">West African Dahomean Vodoun: The Worlds Oldest Spiritual Tradition</a>, which gives a brief history of Voodoo - a name in the Adja-Tado Ewe/Fon language meaning "spirit or god," as well as describes aspects of the religion including some of the Vodoun deities. <h4><a name="igbo">Igbo</a></h4> <li>The page for Cora Agatucci's class on <a href="http://www.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/afrstory.htm" target="_top">African Storytelling</a> examines a couple of Igbo folktales involving Tortoise. <h4><a name="vhavenda">VhaVenda</a></h4> <li>In <a href="http://www.adventures.co.za/ven_art.htm">Louis Trichard, Thoyandou - a cultural experience in a land of myths and legends</a> Lynette Oxley discusses several myths and legends in the VhaVenda culture of northern South Africa. <h4><a name="wapangwa">Wapangwa</a></h4> <li>Ulli Beier edits a retelling of the creation story <a href="http://www.astro.virginia.edu/~jh8h/Foundations/theword.html" target="_top">The Word</a>, from the Wapangwa of Tanzania. <h4><a name="somali">Somali</a></h4> <li>Excerpts from a book by Haji Muuse on <a href="http://www.somaliland.com/suugaan/welcome.htm" target="_top">Astrology, Somali Culture, and History</a> includes some information on pre-Islamic, Somali belief systems. </ul> <h2><a name="carib">Caribbean</a></h2> <ul> <li>This dictionary of <a href="http://www.nando.net/prof/caribe/Dictionary.html">Afro-Carribean Deities</a> is primarily draws from those of Yoruba origin. <li>Flavodoun presents his <a href="http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/5319/" target="_top">Haitian Vodoun Culture</a> page. Among other things, it includes a listing of the deities and their families. Voodoun is native to Haiti, but draws on West African and Christian sources. <li>Haiti Forum tells <a href="http://www.haitiforum.com/page2.htm" target="_top">A Folk Tale of Haitian Mythology</a> which tells a tale of creation and relates Haitian deities to those from other cultures. </ul> <h2><a name="aus">Australian Aboriginal</a></h2> <ul> <li>The Kamilroi tell this tale of <a href="http://www.ozemail.com.au/~reed/global/baiame.html" target="_top">Baiame and Creation</a>. <li>David Jensen discusses <a href="http://arcturus.pomona.edu/australia/australia4/australia4.html" target="_top">The Universe of the Aborigine</a> including Dreamtime - the period of creation, the sun and the moon. <li>Frances Firebrace, an Aboriginal storyteller, recounts the tale of <a href="http://www.home.aone.net.au/firebrace/page7.html" target="_top">The Mother Snake</a>, the Rainbow Serpent and relates it to modern ecological concerns. <li>Here's a short article on the <a href="http://www.rdrop.com/users/mulara/myths.html"> Didjeridu Myths and Legends</a>; the Didjeridu is a musical instrument. </ul> <h2><a name="polynes">Oceana (Melanesian, Micronesian & Polynesian)</a></h2> <ul> <h4>Micronesian</h4> <li> <a href="http://www.gov.gu/legends.html">Legends of Guam</a> <h4>Polynesian</h4> <li>Pomona's Ancient Cosmology site has some articles concerning <a href="http://arcturus.pomona.edu/islands/oc-islands.html">The Pacific Islands</a>. Those dealing with mythology include one on <i>The Polynesian Universe</i>, and a pair on Hawaiian religion and cosmology. <li><a href="http://www.hawaiibusiness.com/hrl/kumulipobook1.html" target="_top">Kumulipo</a> a Hawaiian Chant of Creation is presented here both in Hawaiian and in English. <li><a href="http://www.bishop.hawaii.org/bishop/press/BMPHawOral.html">Bishop Museum Press - Hawaiian Oral Tradition, Myths and Folklore</a> <li>While Hawaiian <a href="http://planet-hawaii.com/gray/leach/leach.htm">Legend Cards</a> are for sale here, you can also find examples of their pictures and excerpts of the legends. <li>Hana Weka colects and retells a number of <a href="http://maori.com/km1.htm" target="_top">Maori Legends</a> including those about Creation, the first woman, and Maui. <li>The Peoples Embassy presents <a href="http://hammer.prohosting.com/~penz/aotearoa/aotearoa.htm" target="_top">Aotearoa, a celebration of Kiwi culture</a> which collects a number of Maori legends as well as other items of New Zealand cultural interest. <li>Kiwi Park briefly retells with illustrations a Maori story: <a href="http://carbon.chem.unsw.edu.au/~kiwi/nz/legend.html" target="_top">The Story of the Mountains</a> - Ruapaehu, Tongariro, Pihanga, and Taranaki. <li>Rev. Thomas Powell recorded a pair of <a href="http://www.samoa.co.uk/creation.html" target="_top">Samoan Creation Myths</a> featuring Tagaloa, shortly after the first arrival of Christian missionaries. <li><a href="http://blackpearls.com/Bpmyth1.htm" target="_top">Myths and Poetry of the Black Pearl</a> from Tahiti. </ul> <h2><a name="gothic">Gothic Horror</a></h2> <ul> <li>Horace Walpole's <a href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=696" target="_top">The Castle of Otranto</a> (1764) is one of the earliest Gothic novels and helped define the genre. <li>More properly Gothic Romance than Gothic Horror, and definitely one of the seeds of modern fantasy, <a href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=2060" target="_top">The History of the Caliph Vathek</a> (1785) by William Beckford is a tale styled after those found in <i>The Arabian Nights</i>. Those stories had recently been translated into French and so the original version of Vathek was also written in French, although an English version was published before the French version was ready. "The descriptions of Vathek's palaces and diversions, of his scheming sorceress-mother Carathis... of his pilgrimage to the haunted ruins of Istakhar... of primordial towers and terraces in the burning moonlight of the waste, and of the terribleCyclopean halls of Eblis... are triumphs of weird colouring which raise the book to a permanent place in English letters." - H. P. Lovecraft <li><a href="http://www.mountwashingtonvalley.com/frankenstein" target="_top">Frankenstein, the Art and Legends</a> is primarily a page of advertisements, but also briefly traces the history of the name Frankenstein and Frankenstein-like characters such as Göthe's Faust. <LI> Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, <A HREF="http://wiretap.area.com/Gopher/Library/Classic/franken.txt"> Frankenstein: A Modern Prometheus</A> (1818). This tale was partly inspired by a proposal that Lord Byron made to her, Percy Shelley, and John Polidori in June of 1816 that they each write a ghost story. Percy Shelley's story never came of anything, Byron wrote a <a href="http://www.sff.net/people/DoyleMacDonald/l_frag.htm">fragment of a novel</a> which inspired Polidori to write <a href="http://www.sff.net/people/DoyleMacdonald/l_vampyr.htm">The Vampyre</a> (1819), with borrowings from Byron's plot. <li>Washington Irving (1783-1859) wrote both <a href="http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~daniel/amlit/rvw/rvw.html" target="_top"><i>Rip Van Winkle</i></a> and <a href="http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~daniel/amlit/sleepy/sleepy.html" target="_top"><i>The Legend of Sleepy Hollow</i></a> - the tale of Ichabod Crane & the Headless Horseman. <LI> <A HREF="http://www.literature.org/authors/poe-edgar-allan/" target="_top">Edgar Allan Poe</a> (1809-1849) <li>Death and mania result from visions of <a href="ftp://uiarchive.cso.uiuc.edu/pub/etext/gutenberg/etext96/ggpan10.txt" target="_top"><i>The Great God Pan</i></a> (1894) by Arthur Machen. <LI> Ambrose Bierce, <a href= "http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new?id=BieCans&tag=public &images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&part=0" target="_top">Can Such Things Be</a> (1893) includes such pre-Lovecraftian short stories as "Haita the Shepherd" and "An Inhabitant of Carcosa". <A HREF="http://wiretap.area.com/Gopher/Library/Classic/devils.txt"> The Devil's Dictionary</A>, <a href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgibin/browse-mixed?id=BieFavo&tag=pu blic&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed">My Favorite Murder </a> <li>Robert W. Chambers wrote <a href="http://www.litrix.com/kyellow/kyell001.htm" target="_top">The King in Yellow</a> in 1895, developing the character of Hastur with some echoes of Bierce, which would be later adopted into H. P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos and show up in unusual reflections in Marion Zimmer Bradley's Darkover stories. <LI> Bram Stoker, <A HREF= "http://wiretap.area.com/Gopher/Library/Classic/dracula.txt">Dracula</A>, (1897). The Irish drama critic's tale of a Transylvanian vampire in London. Left out of the original book by Stoker's editors is the short story <a href="http://www.thegrid.net/fern.canyon/vampires/wine/drcguest.htm" target="_top">Dracula's Guest</a>. Also by Stoker is <a href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=1188" target="_top">The Lair of the White Worm</a>. <li>Howard Phillips Lovecraft (1890-1937) is the creator of <i>The Necronomicon</i> and the Cthulhu Mythos - a collection of tales about nasty alien creatures from the planet Yuggoth and beyond who landed on the Earth in ages gone by and became the source of nightmares and tales of demons. William Johns has collected Lovecraft's short-stories from 1922 and earlier in the <a href="http://www.gizmology.net/lovecraft/index.htm" target="_top">H. P. Lovecraft Library</a>. Lovecraft was also a correspondent and collaborator with authors Clark Ashton Smith (Zothique, Averoigne), Robert E. Howard (Conan), Robert Bloch (Psycho), and Fritz Leiber (Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser). <li><a href="http://members.xoom.com/eldritchdark/wri/short.html" target="_top">The Short Stories of Clark Ashton Smith</a> began appearing in the Magazine "Weird Tales" in the 1930's after H. P. Lovecraft helped the artist have a go at genre fiction. The prodigious purple prose of the loquacious lexicographer finds certain echoes from the styles of Dunsany and Eddison and in turn inspired the likes of de Camp and Vance. The plurality of Smith's work is set in the far future, undead infested continent of Zothique, although many stories are also set in ancient Hyperborea, ante-diluvian Posidonis (Atlantis), and medieval Averoigne. As a member of the Lovecraft Circle, many of his tales form part of the Cthulhu Mythos. </ul> <h2><a name="fantasy">Early Fantasy & SF</a></h2> <ul> <LI> <a href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new?id=MacPhan&tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&part=0" target="_top">Phantastes: A Faerie Romance for Men and Women</a> (1858), <a href= "http://www.trace.wisc.edu/tcel/tow/WWW/GUTENB/ltprn10.txt" target="_top">The Light Princess</a> and <a href="http://www.ccel.org/macdonald/lilith/Lilith.html">Lilith</a> (1895) by <a href="http://rrnet.com/~nakamura/story/macdonald/index.html">George MacDonald</a>. "Most myths were made in prehistoric times, and, I suppose, not conciously made by individuals at all. But every now and thenthere occurs in the modern world a genius - a Kafka or a Novalis - who can make such a story. MacDonald is the greatest genius of this kind whom I know." - C. S. Lewis <LI>"'Curiouser and Curiouser', said Alice." - <a href="http://www.literature.org/Works/Lewis-Carroll/"> Lewis Carrol</a>. Alice's Adventures began in 1865. <li>H. Rider Haggard imbued his adventure stories about Allan Quartermain with the experience he had in the South African civil service. Haggard's writing may strike the reader as belonging to an imperial apologist and misogynist, but they were a product of their time and remain classic adventure tales. Quartermain made his first appearance in <a href="http://www.bibliomania.com/Fiction/Haggard/Solomon/index.html" target="_top"><i>King Solomon's Mines</i></a> (1885) and would return in several sequels including <a href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=711" target="_top"><i>Allan Quartermain</i></a> (1887), <a href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=1690" target="_top"><i>Marie</i></a> (1912), <a href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=1711" target="_top"><i>Child of Storm</i></a> (1912), and <a href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=1724" target="_top"><i>Finished</i></a> (1917). Other Haggard novels include <a href="ftp://wiretap.area.com/Library/Classic/she.hrh" target="_top"> <i>She</i></a> (1887), <a href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=1207" target="_top"><i>Nada the Lily</i></a> (1892), <a href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=1848" target="_top"><i>Montezuma's Daughter</i></a> (1893) and <a href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=1368" target="_top"><i>When the World Shook</i></a> (1917). <LI><a href= "http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=169" target="_top">The Well at World's End</a> (1896), <a href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgibin/browse-mixed?id=MorDrea&tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed">A Dream of John Ball and a King's Lesson</a> (1886-1887) by William Morris<br> "Scholars and historians of fantasy, such as my friend L. Sprague de Camp, agree that it was the English novelist, poet, and artisan William Morris (1834-96) who founded the genre of the heroic fantasy laid in imaginary Medieval lands or worlds where magic works." - Lin Carter <LI> "These tales have been compared with the work of <a href="http://www.literature.org/Works/Jules-Verne/">Jules Verne</a> and there was a disposition on the part of literary journalists at one time to call me the English Jules Verne. As of mater of fact there is no literary resemblance whatever between the anticipatory inventions of the Frenchman and these fantasies. His work dealt with almost always with actual possibilities of the invention and discovery, and he made some remarkable forecasts.... He helped his reader to imagine it done and to realise what fun, excitement or mischief would ensue.... But these stories of mine collected here do not pretend to deal with possible things..." - <a href= "http://www.literature.org/Works/H-G-Wells/">H. G. Wells</a> <li>Ernest Bramah Smith's "Oriental fantasies" <a href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=1076" target="_top">The Wallet of Kai Lung</a> (1899) <a href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=1267" target="_top">Kai Lung's Golden Hours</a> (1922) and <a href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=1077" target="_top">The Mirror of Kong Ho</a> are set in an invented, fantasy version of China - a device meant more as a means of commenting on English society of the time. In the first two of these selections, the narrator, Kai Lung, is used to string together a number of short stories that he tells while being brought in front of the magistrate for some difficulty or another. Lin Carter compares Bramah's wit and style to those of Jack Vance and James Branch Cabell. <LI>"Folklore, legends, myths and fairy tales have followed childhood through the ages, for every healthy youngster has a wholesome and instictive love for stories fantastic, marvelous and manifestly unreal." - <a href= "http://www.literature.org/Works/L-Frank-Baum/">L. Frank Baum</a>, author of <i>The Wizard of Oz</i> (1900), the first of fourteen of his Oz tales. <LI>Edward John Moreton Drax Plunkett, <a href="http://rrnet.com/~nakamura/story/dunsany/index.html">Lord Dunsany</a>. Irish Lord and master of fantasy, Dunsany began publishing in 1905 with <i>The Gods of Pegana</i> and kept churning out plays, poems, and short stories until his death in 1957. <li>Charles Vess has collected a huge amount of Plunkett's tales, some of which may have only appeared in magazines, in <a href="http://www.interlog.com/~case/support/dunsany.html">Dunsany's Corner</a>. <LI> <a href= "http://www.literature.org/Works/Edgar-Rice-Burroughs/">Edgar Rice Burroughs</a>' tales of fantastic adventure fiction have made a huge impact on American culture. John Carter of Mars, the hero of his first novel <i>A Princess of Mars</i> (1912), is said to be an inspiration for the creation of Superman. His Tarzan stories have been made into numerous movies and TV programs. Even this past summer has seen a movie spoof of the character. <li>James Branch Cabell's <a href="http://metalab.unc.edu/docsouth/cabell/menu.html" target="_top">Jurgen: a Comedy of Justice</a> (1919) sets a Poictesme pawnbroker in a story involving Arthurian characters, the slavic demon Koshchei, God and the Devil. <li>A. Merritt's adventure novels, including <a href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new?id=MerMoon&tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&part=0" target="_top"><i>The Moon Pool</i></a>, published in 1919, are full of elements of fantasy. <li> James MacDonald's <a href="http://www.sff.net/people/DoyleMacdonald/lit.htm">Library of the Fantastic</a> is an archive of numerous public domain fantasy and horror tales including some by the above authors, as well as Chambers, Lord Byron, Polidori, and others. </ul> <h2><a name="medren">Medieval refs</a></h2> <ul> <LI> <A HREF="http://www.georgetown.edu/labyrinth/labyrinth-home.html"> Labyrinth - Medieval Studies</A> - The big one for Medievalists on the web. <li>The third section of the <a href="news://soc.history.medieval">soc.history.medieval</a> FAQ collects a number of links to <a href="http://members.tripod.com/~Tingler/medieval">medieval web references</a>. <LI>More from Jenny Sposito, a <a href="http://nature.berkeley.edu/~gsposito/medieval.html"> Medieval Studies</a> page. <li>Paul J. Gans's <a href="http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/technology.html" target="_top">Medieval Technology Pages</a> lets you know some of when, where and how different inventions were developed prior to 1500's. <LI>Michael Adams defines many <A HREF="http://english-server.hss.cmu.edu/history/feudal-terms.txt">Feudal terms</A> in a listing on the English server at Carnegie Mellon. <LI>Also on that English server, C. R. J. Currie presents an essay on <A href="http://english-server.hss.cmu.edu/history/medieval-carpentry.txt"> Medieval carpentry</A> <LI>In another Carnegie Mellon article, Robert Laures presents his essay entitled <A href="http://english-server.hss.cmu.edu/history/medieval-pollution.txt">A Medieval Response to Municipal Pollution</a>. <li>Bonnie Duncan has collected a number of pieces on <a href="http://www.millersv.edu/~resound/women.html" target="_top">Medieval Women</a>. <li>Brief descriptions of some of the more adventurous medieval and renaissance women are found in <a href="http://www.sjgames.com/gurps/Roleplayer/Roleplayer13/WomenSwashers.html" target="_top">Women as Swashbucklers</a> an article by Lisa Evans intended to be used with the role playing game, GURPS. <li><a href="http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~jup/witches">Joan's Witch Directory</a> takes a historical look at witchcraft and witch-trials from the dark ages to the dawn of the twentieth century. <li>Harvard's Medieval Studies department has a nice set of <a href="http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~medieval/pages/webref.htm">links</a> <li><a href="http://www.clas.ufl.edu/english/exemplaria/">Exemplaria</a>, a medieval studies journal, in addition to subscription information provides pre-prints of a selection of articles from future issues. <li> <a href="news:soc.history.medieval">soc.history.medieval</a> </ul> <P> <a href="http://mirrors.yahoo.com/eff/blueribbon.html"><img src="rib_bar_wh.gif"></a> Probably the most valuable right associated with the relative anarchy of the net is that of free speech.<p> While our server set up prevents a direct counter for this page, there have been over 1,322,907 hits here since its move from MIT in September of 1995, with the last assesment being on December 1st, 2000. <p> Apparently, this site is useful and interesting enough to have earned a few <a href="awards.html">awards</a>. <a href="http://www.clari.net/brad/copymyths.html">Copyright</a> 1993 - 2000. <p> <a href="http://members.bellatlantic.net/~vze33gpz/">Christopher B. 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